Welcome To Disneys World Essays - Kingdom Hearts Characters, Scar

Welcome to Disney's World Disneyland, Disney World, and Euro Disney sound like magical places, places that conjure up only fond memories and images of the true ?American' culture. Disney has taken this culture to all corners of the world showing the wonders of our great society, right? Disney's movies are some of the top grossing films, the toys are selling off the shelves, and if you look at bus full of preschoolers, a large number of them are bound to be wearing a piece of clothing donning a Disney character. The hand of Disney has grabbed hold of our children, but what do we really know about this stranger? Disney is a large multi-national corporation with its eye on financial success. This success drives this company to exploit the resources and people of other nations while maintaining an image that is respected within the American society. Not only does Disney exploit other cultures, it also produces films, supposedly idealizing ?American values', that consistently contain racism, sexism, homophobia, an d ethnocentrism thereby exploiting our own. Sweat-shops are not a new issue in international business. We, as North Americans, have become painfully aware of the exploitation taking place in numerous counties. However, it is more disturbing when a corporation that has established itself on its values and a commitment to children is paying twelve years old girls seven cents in developing countries an hour to make pajamas for twelve year olds in North America. The hypocrisy in this situation is painful. A company that is teaching our children values is practicing business transactions that are immoral and unethical. Corporate Watch revealed on their website that in Thailand, Disney contractor The Eden Group, fired 1,145 of their own workers in order to take advantage of lower cost subcontractors, 10 of which were found to employ child labor. It was also shown that Disney is supporting the Burmese military dictatorship as it attempts to protect a factory, of which 45% is owned by the state, that produces its clothing. These types of business activites are not uncommon. However the public has become skeptical of most multi-nationals, but not of the American sweetheart, Disney. The business activities are certainly a major concern, but the message within the Disney productions perhaps has a larger consequence in our society. What is Disney really telling our children? Disney's films repeatedly reinforce the oppressive status-quo by placing the hero or heroine in the upper class of the society by constantly casting the roles the heroes with predominately Anglo-Saxon American type voices. The villains, therefore, must be of a different ethnicity. Recently the Arab anti-defamation league filed suit against Disney on grounds that the Arab representation in the films are always villainous, negative, or absurd. What kind of associations will children make when they are constantly exposed to stories placing white, upper-class Americans against the uneducated, power-hungry, impoverished minority? Disney also has the habit maintaining the patriarchal ideologies in our society. In almost every film, the female heroine must ultimately be rescued or reunited with her ? prince charming'. The women must be beautiful and desired by men. After experiencing a feminist revolution and a constant struggle to achieve sexual equality, should Americans still allow their children to fall victim to these images of the old sexist and patriarchal ways? To further explain the implicit messages within Disney's films, one may look at the blockbuster hit, "The Lion King." This movie exemplifies the ?values' supported by Disney. First, the establishment of the status-quo is evident in the opening scene with the song "The Circle of Life" where the animals all accept the hierarchy of their society and understand that they are to be ruled by the lions. These lions are seem to represent the upper-class of American society as the voices given to these characters are overwhelmingly white "American" voices. The only exception is the voice of King Mufasa who is played by James Earl Jones. However, Jones has overcome racial boundaries as he is readily associated with CNN and other non-racial voice-overs. The servants to the lions have various accents such as the monkey played by a British actor, Rowan Atkinson. If the rulers are clearly portrayed as white, upper-class, Americans, the lower-class villains must be

Roman Govt essays

Roman Govt essays The Romans have had almost every type of government there is. They've had a kingdom, a republic, a dictatorship, and an empire. Their democracy would be the basis for most modern democracies. The people have always been involved with and loved their government, no matter what kind it was. They loved being involved in the government, and making decisions concerning everyone. In general, the Romans were very power-hungry. This might be explained by the myth that they are descended from Romulus, who's father was Mars, the god of war. Their government loving tendencies have caused many, many civil wars. After type of government, the change has been made with a civil war. There have also been many civil wars between rulers. But it all boils down to wanting to be involved in government. When the Greeks finally entered Troy after ten long years of siege, a man named Aeneas escaped the city with his father, Anchises, and his son, Ascanius. They went to Mt. Ida, where they were to meet Aeneas' wife, Creusa, but she never showed up. Saddened, Aeneas acquired a boat and sailed around the Mediterranean. He bounced around from Asia Minor to Greece to Crete looking for a place to found a new Troy, but he couldn't find a satisfactory place. As told by Homer in the Aeneid, Aeneas was cared for by the gods. Venus, in particular, was very worried about him. She asked Jupiter, king of the gods about him, and he said this: "Since you are so consumed with anxiety for Aeneas, I shall turn forward far The hidden pages of fate and speak of the future. He shall conduct a great campaign for you. And conquer all Italy and its haughty peoples. He shall impose laws on his own people. And build walled cities for them; the third summer Shall see him rule in Latium, the third winter Of warfare see the Rutulians [an Italian tribe] subdued. But his son Ascanius... It is he who shall consolidate your power-For thirty years with all their turning months; Then...

Political issues Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Political issues - Research Paper Example On the other hand, the UK has its monarch acting as the head of state; however, supreme authority is not vested unto the monarch because there is a separate head of the government elected by the people who exercise political powers. Just like in the US, these leaders espouse a set of laws found in the constitution (Storey, 87). This paper discusses the different between government systems of the US and the UK, as well as other countries referring to three articles. 1. Szilagyi, Ilona Maria. "Presidential versus parliamentary systems." AARMS Vol. 8, No. 2 (2009): 307–314. Notably, the founding fathers who wrote the US constitution had the British political system to draw on; however, they avoided any form of concentrated power that resembled the monarchy because it is one of the chief things that they rebelled against. Nonetheless, there are a few similarities between the two political systems. Both the British and the US forms of government have a head of state, upper and lowe r house, and a court system. The two have constitutions that depict the rules for government as well as the rights their people have. Both political systems are democratic in nature; there are firm checks and balances in place to inhibit the power of any one branch. Both governments can be put in place and can be removed from power depending on the will of the people. The president in the US political system is the legitimate head of state elected as part of the Electoral College (Watts, 312). United Kingdom have the King or Queen as the legitimate head of state while the prime minister handles political matters and is the legitimate head of government. Officially, UK’s head of state signs off any act of parliament and delivers the Speech from the throne written by the prime minister. In most modern governments, the monarch plays the part of a ceremonial figurehead thus it is atypical for members of the royal family to directly get in the way of the country’s political process. The upper house in the US is the Senate while the UK has the House of Lords. Each state under the US system of governance, despite the size, has two senate members. Before, the governor of the state used to appoint senators but these days they get to be elected by the people to serve 6-year terms. The House of Lords is quite different. They are not elected by the people. In addition, the House of Lords appoint 792 members basing on inheritance, or their title in the Church of England (Harris, 231). They are never elected and cannot be removed from office by popular vote. Nonetheless, they serve the same purpose as the US senate (Szilagyi, 310). They debate, discuss and vote on legislation passed by the lower house in the legislative branch. The British House of Commons and the US House of Representative draw on a lot of similarities. Each house comprises representative elected by the people. Control of the lower house is given to the party that carries the most number of s eats. Under the UK system of governance, the party with majority members produces the prime minister who is then the party leader becomes the Speaker of the House. Elections are also different in the two forms of government. The prime minister under the parliamentary system can go to the crown and ask to dissolve the parliament at any given point. Thereafter, an election would follow. An election would also be eminent if the Prime Minster lost the confidence of the house. 2. Mcquire,

Analyze a Piece of Music from a Concert Hall Essay

Analyze a Piece of Music from a Concert Hall - Essay Example Several times through the rendition observed the major key D exudes positivity and the desire to simply lean back and enjoy is overwhelming. There is a full orchestra accompanying the verbal portion of this particular piece which is reminiscent of the full sound that can be seen in Claude Debussy’s La Mer. While relaxing La Mer had more significant changes in its harmonic rhythm than did Ave Verum Corpes. There was no unresolved dissonance within the recitation itself. As I believe Leonard Bernstein is one of the pre-eminent conductors of our time a small amount of bias may in fact exist from my viewpoint. This rendition was completed and recorded in 1990 and is grainy yet beautiful. Ave Verum Corpes was composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and reflects his rendition of the Eucharist hymn with the same title; this hymn dates from the 14th century and is frequently used during the Benediction of Blessed Sacrament. This particular hymn is attributed originally to Pope Innocent VI dating approximately 1362. In 1791 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote his rendition for a friend Anton Stoll and it was used to celebrate the feast of Corpus Christi. (Ave Verum Corpus 1) With a small 46 bars of music this particular piece serves to introduce transition and end the piece. ... When he was born in 1756 his given name was, Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart. He personally preferred Wolfgang Amede Mozart to the given name and the name he is known by today. The middle name spelled in that manner reflected his appreciation of French culture and language. Mozart never attended a formal educational facility to advance his abilities. (Mozarts life 1) When I listen to the piece I feel as though the very sky is around me, I feel relaxed, and as if I am floating on the clouds. I am also immediately transported to the past and religious services attended. I see robes, crosses, sunlight and clouds. This is a piece that is easy to enjoy and I am no exception to those who enjoy it. It is short, however, even in its relative shortness it is complete and lends itself to the easy listening sometimes required to relax. I enjoyed this piece simply because it allowed me to feel as though I was in another place if only for a few short minutes. By closing oneâ₠¬â„¢s eyes the full quality and beauty of the piece is made readily apparent. With the vibrant crescendo of sound from the full accompaniment in the background it is easy to find myself slipping from the now into the warmth and comfort provided by my imagination. Additional repetitions listening to the piece from a variety of composers lends credence to the idea that a well written musical number is hard to play or perform poorly. One of the more easily enjoyed renditions was the poorly recorded rendition performed by Diana-Marina Fisher in 2008. This particular rendition brought forth a variety of tonal qualities and did nothing to hinder personal enjoyment, in fact

Depression - Family and Community Experience Assignment

Depression - Family and Community Experience - Assignment Example The results are severe for patients below six years as opposed to the other category. Studies on the expressed emotions shows that families of patients suffering from chronic depression are easily predicted by higher levels of Expressed Emotions. Patients suffering from disorders associated with mood record a poor outcome from medical experts. Other studies indicated that spouses found it hard to share with the public about their spouses and this leads to reduced marital activities with the patient. In the long run, it happens that the patient feels unattended to and this further complicates his situation. This however results when the spouse to the patient feels embarrassed about the patient’s condition. Impacts of chronic illness and depression sharply differ from one society to another and from one country to another. Despite the variations, what is common is that the situation bears with it serious cost implications. A patient suffering from depression is considered a wast e to an economy in terms of productivity, this by it self is a form of a negative cost. Attempts in curative or reduction are yet other cost. In most set ups, human life is taken to be paramount and the responsibility is not left to the family alone but to the entire society. In some cases there is inability to persevere in a marriage where the patient is either a wife or husband. It makes the spouse to have mentality of trying to get their way out. This is attributed to effect in the sexual behavior and performance which is not at par or anyway near the satisfaction level achieved before. In chronic situations, it leads to dysfunctioning of the whole act as earlier stipulated as lack of interest or mood. In the recent past, it has been noted with keen interest that patients suffering from chronic depression pose a great burden o the family members and those destined to take care of them. What this implies is that the care givers have to reduce the time the have to undertake in doin g their personal activities such as leisure and other social activities after their relative has been diagnosed with depression. The family will tend to be more worried about the future with increased symptoms, effects and consequences. The effects are more staunch in families with poor base are compared to their rich counterparts. The community as whole participates in the sense that support can easily be mobilized from the social networks. The support can either be financial or just moral. Handling of depressed patients has effects as well. Parents of children with depression are reported to have a higher likelihood of contacting or suffering from psychological disorders such as the same mental depression. Thus children require more attention compared to adults. Therefore the risks in handling children is much greater compared to adults Educational support has been advanced on that note that is found capable of assisting relatives in provision of care to patients suffering from ch ronic depression. Although sources indicate that the much that has been advanced is too little and a further research is recommended. Such education is technically referred to as psycho education and it was purposely developed to assist in mitigation of the enormous difficulties and challenges encountered by

Design And Modeling Of Axial Micro Gas Turbine Engineering Essay

Design And Modeling Of Axial Micro Gas Turbine Engineering Essay ABSTRACT Micro turbines are becoming widely used for combined power generation and heat applications. Their size varies from small scale units like models crafts to heavy supply like power supply to hundreds of households. Micro turbines have many advantages over piston generators such as low emissions less moving parts, accepts commercial fuels. Gas turbine cycle and operation of micro Turbine was studied and reported . different parts of turbine is designed with the help of CATIA(Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Analysis) software .The turbine is of Axial input and axial output type. Key words : Gas turbine , CATIA , Rapid Prototype , parts of turbine , nozzle , rotor Chapter 1 LITERATURE REVIEW Development of Micro turbine: A turbine can be used as a refrigerant machine was first introduced by Lord Rayleigh. In a letter June 1898 to Nature, he suggested the use of turbine instead of a piston expander for air liquefaction because of practical difficulties caused in the low temperature reciprocating machines. He emphasized the most important function of and cryogenic expander, which is to production of the cold, rather than the power produced. In 1898 The British engineer Edgar C Thrupp patented a simple liquefying system using an expansion turbine. Thrupps expander was a double flow machine entering the center and dividing into two oppositely flowing streams. A refrigerative expansion turbine with a tangential inward flow pattern was patented by the Americans Charles F and Orrin J Crommett in 1914. Gas was to be admitted to the turbine wheel by a pair of nozzles, but it was specified that any desired numbers of nozzle could be used. The turbine blades were curved to present slightly concave faces to the jet from the nozzle. These blades were comparatively short, not exceeding very close to the rotor hub. In 1922, the American engineer and teacher Harvey N Davis had patented an expansion turbine of unusual thermodynamic concept. This turbine was intended to have several nozzle blocks each receiving a stream of gas from different temperature level of high pressure side of the main heat exchanger of a liquefaction apparatus. First successful commercial turbine developed in Germany which usea an axial flow single stage impulse machine. Later in the year 1936 it was replaced by an inward radial flow turbine based on a patent by an Italian inventor, Guido Zerkowitz. Work on the small gas bearing turbo expander commenced in the early fifties by Sixsmith at Reading University on a machine for a small air liquefaction plant. In 1958, the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority developed a radial inward flow turbine for a nitrogen production plant. During 1958 to 1961 Stratos Division of Fairchild Aircraft Co. built blower loaded turbo expanders, mostly for air separation service. Voth et. developed a high speed turbine expander as a part of a cold moderator refrigerator for the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). The first commercial turbine using helium was operated in 1964 in a refrigerator that produced 73 W at 3 K for the Rutherford helium bubble chamber. A high speed turbo alternator was developed by General Electric Company, New York in 1968, which ran on a practical gas bearing system capable of operating at cryogenic temperature with low loss. Design of turboexpander for cryogenic applicationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- by Subrata Kr. Ghosh , N. Seshaiah, R. K. Sahoo, S. K. Sarangi focuses on design and development of turbo expander.The paper briefly discuses the design methodology and the fabrication drawings for the whole system, which includes the turbine wheel, nozzle, diffuser, shaft, brake compressor, two types of bearing, and appropriate housing. With this method, it is possible to design a turbo expander for any other fluid since the fluid properties are properly taken care of in the relevant equations of the design procedure. Yang et. al developed a two stage miniature expansion turbine made for an 1.5 L/hr helium liquefier at the Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The turbines rotated at more than 500,000 rpm. The design of a small, high speed turbo expander was taken up by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) USA. The first expander operated at 600,000 rpm in externally pressurized gas bearings. The turbo expander developed by Kate et. Al was with variable flow capacity mechanism (an adjustable turbine), which had the capacity of controlling the refrigerating power by using the variable nozzle vane height. India has been lagging behind the rest of the world in this field of research and development. Still, significant progress has been made during the past two decades. In CMERI Durgapur, Jadeja developed an inward flow radial turbine supported on gas bearings for cryogenic plants. The device gave stable rotation at about 40,000 rpm. The programme was, however, discontinued before any significant progress could be achieved. Another programme at IIT Kharagpur developed a turbo expander unit by using aerostatic thrust and journal bearings which had a working speed up to 80,000 rpm. Recently Cryogenic Technology Division, BARC developed Helium refrigerator capable of producing 1 kW at 20K temperature. Solid Modeling using CAD software CAD software, also referred to as Computer Aided Design software and in the past as computer aided drafting software, refers to software programs that assist engineers and designers in a wide variety of industries to design and manufacture physical products. It started with the mathematician Euclid of Alexandria, who, in his 350 B.C. treatise on mathematics The Elements expounded many of the postulates and axioms that are the foundations of the Euclidian geometry upon which todays CAD software systems are built. More than 2,300 years after Euclid, the first true CAD software, a very innovative system (although of course primitive compared to todays CAD software) called Sketchpad was developed by Ivan Sutherland as part of his PhD thesis at MIT in the early 1960s. First-generation CAD software systems were typically 2D drafting applications developed by a manufacturers internal IT group (often collaborating with university researchers) and primarily intended to automate repetitive drafting chores. Dr. Hanratty co-designed one such CAD system, named DAC (Design Automated by Computer) at General Motors Research Laboratories in the mid 1960s. In 1965, Charles Langs team including Donald Welbourn and A.R.Forrest, at Cambridge Universitys Computing Laboratory began serious research into 3D modeling CAD software. The commercial benefits of Cambridge Universitys 3D CAD software research did not begin to appear until the 1970 however, elsewhere in mid 1960s Europe, French researchers were doing pioneering work into complex 3D curve and surface geometry computation. Citroens de Casteljau made fundamental strides in computing complex 3D curve geometry and Bezier (at Renault) published his breakthrough research, incorporating some of de Casteljaus algorithms, in the late 1960s. The work of both de Casteljau and Bezier continues to be one of the foundations of 3D CAD software to the present time. Both MIT (S.A.Coons in 1967) and Cambridge University (A.R.Forrest, one of Charles Langs team, in 1968) were also very active in furthering research into the implementation of complex 3D curve and surface modeling in CAD software. CAD software started its migration out of research and into commercial use in the 1970s. Just as in the late 1960s most CAD software continued to be developed by internal groups at large automotive and aerospace manufacturers, often working in conjunction with university research groups. Throughout the decade automotive manufacturers such as: Ford (PDGS), General Motors (CADANCE), Mercedes-Benz (SYRCO), Nissan (CAD-I released in 1977) and Toyota (TINCA released in 1973 by Hiromi Arakis team, CADETT in 1979 also by Hiromi Araki) and aerospace manufacturers such as: Lockheed (CADAM), McDonnell-Douglas (CADD) and Northrop (NCAD, which is still in limited use today), all had large internal CAD software development groups working on proprietary programs. In 1975 the French aerospace company, Avions Marcel Dassault, purchased a source-code license of CADAM from Lockheed and in 1977 began developing a 3D CAD software program named CATIA (Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Application) which survives to this day as the most commercially successful CAD software program in current use. After that many research work has been done in the field of 3-D modeling using CAD software and many software have been developed. Time to time these software have been modified to make them more user friendly. Different 3-D modeling software used now-a-days are AUTODESK INVENTOR, CATIA, PRO-E etc. History of rapid prototyping Rapid prototyping is a revolutionary and powerful technology with wide range of applications. The process of prototyping involves quick building up of a prototype or working model for the purpose of testing the various design features, ideas, concepts, functionality, output and performance. The user is able to give immediate feedback regarding the prototype and its performance. Rapid prototyping is essential part of the process of system designing and it is believed to be quite beneficial as far as reduction of project cost and risk are concerned. The first rapid prototyping techniques became accessible in the later eighties and they were used for production of prototype and model parts. The history of rapid prototyping can be traced to the late sixties, when an engineering professor, Herbert Voelcker, questioned himself about the possibilities of doing interesting things with the computer controlled and automatic machine tools. These machine tools had just started to appear on the factory floors then. Voelcker was trying to find a way in which the automated machine tools could be programmed by using the output of a design program of a computer. In seventies Voelcker developed the basic tools of mathematics that clearly described the three dimensional aspects and resulted in the earliest theories of algorithmic and mathematical theories for solid modeling. These theories form the basis of modern computer programs that are used for designing almost all things mechanical, ranging from the smallest toy car to the tallest skyscraper. Voleckers theories changed the designing methods in the seventies, but, the old methods for designing were still very much in use. The old method involved either a machinist or machine tool controlled by a computer. The metal hunk was cut away and the needed part remained as per requirements. However, in 1987, Carl Deckard, a researcher form the University of Texas, came up with a good revolutionary idea. He pioneered the layer based manufacturing, wherein he thought of building up the model layer by layer. He printed 3D models by utilizing laser light for fusing metal powder in solid prototypes, single layer at a time. Deckard developed this idea into a technique called Selective Laser Sintering. The results of this technique were extremely promising. The history of rapid prototyping is quite new and recent. However, as this technique of rapid prototyping has such wide ranging scope and applications with amazing results, it has grown by leaps and bounds. Voelckers and Deckards stunning findings, innovations and researches have given extreme impetus to this significant new industry known as rapid prototyping or free form fabrication. It has revolutionized the designing and manufacturing processes. Though, there are many references of people pioneering the rapid prototyping technology, the industry gives recognition to Charles Hull for the patent of Apparatus for Production of 3D Objects by Stereo lithography. Charles Hull is recognized by the industry as the father of rapid prototyping. Today, the computer engineer has to simply sketch the ideas on the computer screen with the help of a design program that is computer aided. Computer aided designing allows to make modification as required and you can create a physical prototype that is a precise and proper 3D object. Chapter 2 CATIA(Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Analysis) Introduction to CATIA CATIA is a robust application that enables you to create rich and complex designs. The goals of the CATIA course are to teach you how to build parts and assemblies in CATIA, and how to make simple drawings of those parts and assemblies. This course focuses on the fundamental skills and concepts that enable you to create a solid foundation for your designs What is CATIA . CATIA is mechanical design software. It is a feature-based, parametric solid modeling design tool that takes advantage of the easy-to-learn Windows graphical user interface. You can create fully associative 3-D solid models with or without constraints while utilizing automatic or user-defined relations to capture design intent. To further clarify this definition, the italic terms above will be further defined: Feature-based Like an assembly is made up of a number of individual parts, a CATIA document is made up of individual elements. These elements are called features. When creating a document, you can add features such as pads, pockets, holes, ribs, fillets, chamfers, and drafts. As the features are created, they are applied directly to the work piece. Features can be classified as sketched-based or dress-up: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sketched-based features are based on a 2D sketch. Generally, the sketch is transformed into a 3D solid by extruding, rotating, sweeping, or lofting. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dress-up features are features that are created directly on the solid model. Fillets and chamfers are examples of this type of feature. Parametric The dimensions and relations used to create a feature are stored in the model. This enables you to capture design intent, and to easily make changes to the model through these parameters. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Driving dimensions are the dimensions used when creating a feature. They include the dimensions associated with the sketch geometry, as well as those associated with the feature itself. Consider, for example, a cylindrical pad. The diameter of the pad is controlled by the diameter of the sketched circle, and the height of the pad is controlled by the depth to which the circle is extruded. Relations include information such as parallelism, tangency, and concentricity. This type of information is typically communicated on drawings using feature control symbols. By capturing this information in the sketch, CATIA enables you to fully capture your design intent up front. Solid Modeling:- A solid model is the most complete type of geometric model used in CAD systems. It contains all the wireframe and surface geometry necessary to fully describe the edges and faces of the model. In addition to geometric information, solid models also convey their topology, which relates the geometry together. For example, topology might include identifying which faces (surfaces) meet at which edges (curves). This intelligence makes adding features easier. For example, if a model requires a fillet, you simply select an edge and specify a radius to create it. Fully Associative:- A CATIA model is fully associative with the drawings and parts or assemblies that reference it. Changes to the model are automatically reflected in the associated drawings, parts, and/or assemblies. Likewise, changes in the context of the drawing or assembly are reflected back in the model. Constraints:- Geometric constraints (such as parallel, perpendicular, horizontal, vertical, concentric, and coincident) establish relationships between features in your model by fixing their positions with respect to one another. In addition, equations can be used to establish mathematical relationships between parameters. By using constraints and equations, you can guarantee that design concepts such as through holes and equal radii are captured and maintained. CATIA User Interface :Below is the layout of the elements of the standard CATIA application. A. Menu Commands B. Specification Tree C. Window of Active document D. Filename and extension of current document E. Icons to maximize/minimize and close window F. Icon of the active workbench G. Toolbars specific to the active workbench H. Standard toolbar I. Compass J. Geometry areaC:Documents and SettingsSatiraDesktopwindow.JPG C The parts of the major assembly is treated as individual geometric model , which is modeled individually in separate file .All the parts are previously planned generated feature by feature to construct full model Generally all CAD models are generated in the same passion given bellow : : Enter CAD environment by clicking, later into part designing mode to construct model. : Select plane as basic reference. : Enter sketcher mode. In sketcher mode: : Tool used to create 2-d basic structure of part using line, circle etc : Tool used for editing of created geometry termed as operation : Tool used for Dimensioning, referencing. This helps creating parametric relation. : Its external feature to view geometry in out : Tool used to exit sketcher mode after creating geometry. Sketch Based Feature : Pad : On exit of sketcher mode the feature is to be padded .( adding material ) Pocket: On creation of basic structure further pocket has to be created (removing material ) Revolve: Around axis the material is revolved, the structure should has same profile around axis. Rib: sweeping uniform profile along trajectory (adding material) Slot: sweeping uniform profile along trajectory (removing material) Loft: Sweeping non-uniform/uniform profile on different plane along linear/non-linear trajectory : Its 3d creation of features creates chamfer, radius, draft, shell, th à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ : Its tool used to move geometry, mirror, pattern, scaling in 3d environment On creation of individual parts in separate files, Assembly environment: In assembly environment the parts are recalled constrained.. Product structure tool: To recall existing components already modeled. : Assembling respective parts by mean of constraints Update: updating the made constrains. Additional features are: Exploded View, snap shots, clash analyzing numbering, bill of material. etc Finally creating draft for individual parts assembly with possible details The parts of the major assembly is treated as individual geometric model , which is modeled individually in separate file .All the parts are previously planned generated feature by feature to construct full model Generally all CAD models are generated in the same passion given bellow : : Enter CAD environment by clicking, later into part designing mode to construct model. : Select plane as basic reference. : Enter sketcher mode. In sketcher mode: : Tool used to create 2-d basic structure of part using line, circle etc : Tool used for editing of created geometry termed as operation : Tool used for Dimensioning, referencing. This helps creating parametric relation. : Its external feature to view geometry in out : Tool used to exit sketcher mode after creating geometry. Sketch Based Feature : Pad: On exit of sketcher mode the feature is to be padded. (Adding material) Pocket: On creation of basic structure further pocket has to be created (removing material) Revolve: Around axis the material is revolved, the structure should have same profile around axis. Rib: sweeping uniform profile along trajectory (adding material) Slot: sweeping uniform profile along trajectory (removing material) Loft: Sweeping non-uniform/uniform profile on different plane along linear/non-linear trajectory : Its 3d creation of features creates chamfer, radius, draft, shell, threadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ : Its tool used to move geometry, mirror, pattern, scaling in 3d environment Chapter 3 GAS TURBINE Gas Turbine A gas turbine is a rotating engine that extracts energy from a flow of combustion gases that result from the ignition of compressed air and a fuel (either a gas or liquid, most commonly natural gas). It has an upstream compressor module coupled to a downstream turbine module, and a combustion chamber(s) module (with igniter[s]) in between. Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where air is mixed with fuel and ignited. Combustion increases the temperature, velocity, and volume of the gas flow. This is directed through a nozzle over the turbines blades, spinning the turbine and powering the compressor Energy is extracted in the form of shaft power, compressed air, and thrust, in any combination, and used to power aircraft, trains, ships, generators, and even tanks. Chronology Of Gas turbine Development : Types of Gas Turbine There are different types of gas turbines. Some of them are named below: 1. Aero derivatives and jet engines 2. Amateur gas turbines 3. Industrial gas turbines for electrical generation 4. Radial gas turbines 5. Scale jet engines 6. Micro turbines The main focus of this paper is the design aspects of micro turbine. Applications Of Gas turbine : Jet Engines Mechanical Drives Power automobiles, Trains,tanks In Vehicles(Concept car, racing car, buses, motorcycles) Gas Turbine Cycle The simplest gas turbine follows the Brayton cycle .Closed cycle (i.e., the working fluid is not released to the atmosphere), air is compressed isentropically, combustion occurs at constant pressure, and expansion over the turbine occurs isentropically back to the starting pressure. As with all heat engine cycles, higher combustion temperature (the common industry reference is turbine inlet temperature) means greater efficiency. The limiting factor is the ability of the steel, ceramic, or other materials that make up the engine to withstand heat and pressure. Considerable design/manufacturing engineering goes into keeping the turbine parts cool. Most turbines also try to recover exhaust heat, which otherwise is wasted energy. Recuperators are heat exchangers that pass exhaust heat to the compressed air, prior to combustion. Combined-cycle designs pass waste heat to steam turbine systems, and combined heat and power (i.e., cogeneration) uses waste heat for hot water production. Mechan ically, gas turbines can be considerably less complex than internal combustion piston engines. Simple turbines might have one moving part: the shaft/compressor/ turbine/alternator-rotor assembly, not counting the fuel system. More sophisticated turbines may have multiple shafts (spools), hundreds of turbine blades, movable stator blades, and a vast system of complex piping, combustors, and heat exchangers. The largest gas turbines operate at 3000 (50 hertz [Hz], European and Asian power supply) or 3600 (60 Hz, U.S. power supply) RPM to match the AC power grid. They require their own building and several more to house support and auxiliary equipment, such as cooling towers. Smaller turbines, with fewer compressor/turbine stages, spin faster. Jet engines operate around 10,000 RPM and micro turbines around 100,000 RPM. Thrust bearings and journal bearings are a critical part of the design. Traditionally, they have been hydrodynamic oil bearings or oil cooled ball bearings. Advantages of Gas Turbine 1. Very high power-to-weight ratio, compared to reciprocating engines. 2. Smaller than most reciprocating engines of the same power rating. 3. Moves in one direction only, with far less vibration than a reciprocating engine. 4. Fewer moving parts than reciprocating engines. 5. Low operating pressures. 6. High operation speeds. 7. Low lubricating oil cost and consumption Chapter 4 MICRO TURBINE Micro turbine Micro turbines are small combustion turbines which are having output ranging from 20 kW to 500 kW. The Evolution is from automotive and truck turbochargers, auxiliary power units (APUs) for airplanes, and small jet engines. Micro turbines are a relatively new distributed generation technology which is used for stationary energy generation applications. Normally they are combustion turbine that produces both heat and electricity on a relatively small scale. A micro (gas) turbine engine consists of a radial inflow turbine, a combustor and a centrifugal compressor. It is used for outputting power as well as for rotating the compressor. Micro turbines are becoming widespread for distributed power and co-generation (Combined heat and power) applications. They are one of the most promising technologies for powering hybrid electric vehicles. They range from hand held units producing less than a kilowatt, to commercial sized systems that produce tens or hundreds of kilowatts. Part of their s uccess is due to advances in electronics, which allows unattended operation and interfacing with the commercial power grid. Electronic power switching technology eliminates the need for the generator to be synchronized with the power grid. This allows the generator to be integrated with the turbine shaft, and to double as the starter motor. They accept most commercial fuels, such as gasoline, natural gas, propane, diesel, and kerosene as well as renewable fuels such as E85, biodiesel and biogas. Types of Micro turbine Micro turbines are classified by the physical arrangement of the component parts:1. Single shaft or two-shaft, 2. Simple cycle, or recuperated, 3. Inter-cooled, and reheat. The machines generally rotate over 50,000 rpm. The bearing selection-oil or air-is dependent on usage. A single shaft micro turbine with high rotating speeds of 90,000 to 120,000 revolutions per minute is the more common design, as it is simpler and less expensive to build. Conversely, the split shaft is necessary for machine drive applications, which does not require an inverter to change the frequency of the AC power. Basic Parts of Micro turbine Compressor 2. Turbine 3. Recuperator 4. Combustor 5. Controller 6. Generator 7. Bearing Advantages Micro turbine systems have many advantages over reciprocating engine generators, such as higher power density (with respect to footprint and weight), extremely low emissions and few, or just one, moving part. Those designed with foil bearings and air-cooling operate without oil, coolants or other hazardous materials. Micro turbines also have the advantage of having the majority of their waste heat contained in their relatively high temperature exhaust, whereas the waste heat of reciprocating engines is split between its exhaust and cooling system. However, reciprocating engine generators are quicker to respond to changes in output power requirement and are usually slightly more efficient, although the efficiency of micro turbines is increasing. Micro turbines also lose more efficiency at low power levels than reciprocating engines. Micro turbines offer several potential advantages compared to other technologies for small-scale power generation, including: a small number of moving par ts, compact size, lightweight, greater efficiency, lower emissions, lower electricity costs, and opportunities to utilize waste fuels. Waste heat recovery can also be used with these systems to achieve efficiencies greater than 80%. Because of their small size, relatively low capital costs, expected low operations and maintenance costs, and automatic electronic control, micro turbines are expected to capture a significant share of the distributed generation market. In addition, micro turbines offer an efficient and clean solution to direct mechanical drive markets such as compression and air conditioning. Thermodynamic Heat Cycle In principle, micro turbines and larger gas turbines operate on the same thermodynamic heat cycle, the Brayton cycle. Atmospheric air is compressed, heated at constant pressure, and then expanded, with the excess power produced by the turbine consumed by the compressor used to generate electricity. The power produced by an expansion turbine and consumed by a compressor is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas passing through those devices. Higher expander inlet temperature and pressure ratios result in higher efficiency and specific power. Higher pressure ratios increase efficiency and specific power until an optimum pressure ratio is achieved, beyond which efficiency and specific power decrease. The optimum pressure ratio is considerably lower when a recuperator is used. Consequently, for good power and efficiency, it is advantageous to operate the expansion turbine at the highest practical inlet temperature consistent with economic turbine blade materials and to opera te the compressor with inlet air at the lowest temperature possible. The general trend in gas turbine advancement has been toward a combination of higher temperatures and pressures. However, inlet temperatures are generally limited to 1750 °F or below to enable the use of relatively inexpensive materials for the turbine wheel and recuperator. 4:1 is the optimum pressure ration for best efficiency in recuperated turbines. Applications Micro turbines are used in distributed power and combined heat and power applications. With recent advances in electronic, micro- processor based, control systems these units can interface with the commercial power grid and can operate unattended. Power Range for diff. Applications . Chapter 5 DIFFERENT PARTS AND THEIR DESIGNING OF MICRO TURBINE ROTOR The rotor is mounted vertically. The rotor consists of the shaft with a collar integrally machined on it to provide thrust bearing surfaces, the turbine wheel and the brake compressor mounted on opposite ends. The impellers are mounted at the extreme ends of the shaft while the bearings are in the middle. NOZZLE The nozzles expand the inlet gas isentropically to high velocity and direct the flow on to the wheel at the correct angle to ensue smooth, impact free incidence on the wheel blades. A set of static nozzles must be provided around the turbine wheel to generate the required inlet velocity and swirl. The flow is subsonic, the absolute Mach number being around 0.95. Filippi has derived the effect of nozzle geometry on stage efficiency by a comparative discussion of three nozzle styles: fixed nozzles, adjustable nozzles with a centre pivot and adjustable nozzles with a trailing edge pivot. At design point operation, fixed nozzles yield the best overall efficiency. Nozzles should be located at the optimal radial location from the wheel to minimize vaneless space loss and the effect of nozzle wakes on impeller performance. Fixed nozzle shapes can be optimized by rounding the noses of nozzle vanes and are directionally oriented for minimal incidence angle loss. The throat of the nozzle has a n important influence on turbine performance and must be sized to pass t

Gonorrhea Essay -- STD Sexually Transmitted Disease

Approximately 1 million new cases of this disease are reported each year in the United States, and public health experts estimate that an additional million or more gonorrhea infections go unreported each year. Although these numbers seem very large, the disease occurs less frequently now than it did in the early 1980s. The rate of infection among young unmarried people between the ages of 15 and 24, however it remains very high. Study results released in 1988 by the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute for Health Policy estimate that $ 1 billion is now being spent each year in the United States for the diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhea. Gonorrhea is caused by bacteria. It is almost always spread through sexual activity involving direct contact with mucous membranes. It is readily transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse. The cervix, the urinary tract, the mouth, and the rectum provide ideal points of entry for the disease. In woman, the most common site of infection is the cervix . In men , it is the uretha . The infection can be spread from a man’s penis to the throat of his sex partner , it is much less likely that a man will contract or spread the disease by performing oral sex on a female partner . This disease can also be passed from a mother to her baby during childbirth The greatest danger for the newborn is blindness , but this can be prevented by placing a few drops of sil...

The building of Greek State after the 1821 revolution

March 25, 1821, was the day of the Annunciation of the Theotokos of the Greek Orthodox. It was also the day of Greek rebellion and declaration of independence which was actually achieved in 1829. This paper examines the events, some issues, and prominent figures who contributed in building the Greek State which started in 1821. The influences of the Great Powers (Great Britain, France and Russia) The Greeks were suppressed and controlled by Turks under Ottoman Empire resulting to the death of 25,000 Greeks on the island of Chios and 15,000 Greeks and 40,000 Turks in the Peloponessos.The Greeks started to revolt in 1821. The Philiki Etairian leaders wanted to foster consciousness and resistance against the oppression of the Turks. Its leadership was first offered to Ioannis Kapodistrias of Corfu, who refused to accept due to misguided venture and a wrong timing, but it was accepted by Alexander Ipsiladis, a Phanariot, in 1820. Kapodistrias was assassinated after a few years. The Great Powers (France, Russia, and Great Britain) ruled Greece with the leadership of King Ludwig I of Bavaria who imposed monarchy but he was eventually voted out by the Greek Parliament.George I of Denmark took over after Ludwig I. Before 1824 has ended, the Peloponnese, including 2000 Egyptian army lead by Papaflesas was invaded by Sultan Mahmoud II and Ibrahim with 6000 Turks. They attacked and killed around 600 Greeks in Maniaki on the 20th day of May 1825. The Great Powers, favored the Greeks, initiated direct military intervention in July 1827, and mediated the quarrel between the Turks and the Greeks. Russia maintained the significance of Orthodox Christianity while France showed strong sympathy towards the Greek volunteers.The Orthodox Church was the basis of people’s cultural and economic life and it also hindered the stated from rapid change towards development since its ideas and teachings were opposed to those of the western nations. The Allied forces proposed an armis tice in order to conclude the battle. Greece accepted it but Turkey refused to reconcile. As a result, the Allied fleet was set to sail off the west coast of the Peloponnese through Navarino on October 20, 1827 under Admiral Codrington to support Greece.The Ottoman fleet fought against the Allied forces but it failed. In September 1829, Demetrios Ypsilanti, the brother of Alexander Ypsilanti, defeated the Turkish force in the border between Thebes and Livadia. This was the last engagement of the Turks and the time when Greek independence was achieved through the attainment of Peace of Adrianople between Russia and Turkey. People who contributed in the success of Greek revolution The attainment of freedom in Greece was realized due to the contribution of prominent figures that fought for freedom.Five among them were: (1) Theodoros Kolokotronis (1770 – 1834), a local hero, who lead in defeating Mahmud Dramali's army in 1822 of the Ottoman Empire as well the siege of Tripolis, w hich eventually surrendered and it marked the success of the Greek revolution for the first time; (2) Georgios Karaiskakis (1782 – 1827) was a military genius appointed as chief marshal of Eastern Greece and the first one to take part in the Greek revolution whose two victories at Arachova and Distomo made him famous; (3) Constantinos Kanaris (1793 – 1877) from Psara was successful in destroying Turkish fleets at Chios, Tenedos, Mytilene, Samos, and Alexandrian port to prevent Mehmet Ali's war preparations, for example; (4) Gregorios Dikaios (1788 – 1825), also named Papaflesas, was born at Messinia and became a monk in his teens. He was forced by the Turks to leave Greece due to his revolutionary character so he reached Constantinople and joined â€Å"Filiki Etairia†.Ypsilantis ordered him to return to Peloponnesos where he and started recruiting people for the revolution. He courageously fought against Ibrahim with 6000 Turks on 20 May 1825 until he die d; and (5) Nikitaras, head of the pallikars band, had successfully fought Kiaya Bey at Kaki Scala in March and April 1822 at Ayia Marina under Odysseus rule and was given a nickname of Tourkophagos when he killed 3,000 Turks in the battle. The diaspora and the building of the new State The Ottoman Empire had paralyzed the Greeks who had not undergone Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment which resulted to slow progress and development of the lies of people in rural communities.The proponents of modernization brought western culture and parliamentary government, bureaucracy, and educational institutions to keep the nation in tact but its counterparts wanted to maintain their relationship with the motherland, which hindered modernization. The number of Greek migrants has increased with their aspirations for economic freedom and improvement. Romanticism became apparent through Lord Byron who supported the Greek revolutionaries and died in 1824. In 1828, Greece embraced a republic an constitution and the Turkish troops who occupied Acropolis left when the Allied Forces turned Greece into a monarchial democratic State in which the government’s political and judicial affairs are ruled of a Royal leader.They were interested in sovereign, the head of the State with the will of the people through election as the only source of the head’s power. The Greeks, including the ethnic group were able to expand its boundaries and conquered European territories. Many of them succeed, became leaders, and gained support from other nations. This diaspora has led to the building of the modern Greek State in 1830. The new State: Identities, political issues, and other problems Greeks who were living outside their motherland hoped for an independent State similar to the European model with a centralized constitution, army and navy, and diplomatic representatives. It was only realized under the leadership of King Otho of Bavaria.In 1831, the Allied Powers conducted a conference in London regarding the establishment of the new State and issued a protocol on February 23, 1832. One significant problem of the new State was that it is filled with Russian leaders. Otho was only seventeen years old when he was offered for the throne, but it was in 1833 when he arrived at Nauplia. However, it was not extremely disadvantageous they aimed to support the building the Greek State. Alexander Mavrokordatos was a National Assembly civilian leader who supporting the mission of Orlandos and Louriottis. He became a Secretary-General of the Executive Council (1823), Greece Prime Minister (1831, 1841, 1844, 1854-5), and a President of the legislative Senate. In 1835, King Otho ruled Athens.He neglected the promised National Assembly as the basis of the Constitution despite the earnest advice of Lord Palmerston and Sir Robert Peel. As a consequence, German influence developed a feeling of discontent and led to another revolt in 1841. On 15th September 1843, the peo ple dismissed Otho due to his failure in creating a constitutional regime. Finally, Greece attained freedom from foreign domination. Its liberation brought economic and intellectual progress. For instance, the University of Athens was established in 1837, which served as the center for propagation and preservation of Hellenic culture as well as in producing competitive professions.While others were not open to transformation and new opportunities, many Greeks accepted modernization, created a Western-liberal identity, entered the commercial world, and explored the ideas of the Enlightenment and Reason. The triple alliance supported the revolution and the upbringing of the new state but it faced many challenges such as: Greek’s debt incurred during the war; the oppressive taxation that resulted to brigandage; the free press and rights to express opinion; and the disputes between the members of Council of Regency. In spite of the difficulties, the Allied Powers remained morally responsible in building the State. Synthesis Greece was under the control of the Turks during the Ottoman Empire.Greece started the revolution in 1821 and its initiative to promote peace won the sympathy of the Allied Forces that helped won the battle in 1829. The building of the newly freed State in the early 1830s, however, was ruled mostly by Russian nationals. The Allied Forces encountered oppositions and obstacles in addition to public contempt of its oppressive and unfavorable political system. It was early in 1840s that Greece was totally liberated from foreign control. It was the diaspora, which started before the revolution and continued until 1830s that led to the transformation of the Greek state. It was the time when many Greek who crossed borders became successful in their life in the West.They were recognized by other European nations because of their exceptional talents, knowledge, skills ad the ability to succeed outside their native land. Indeed, education has brou ght light and true freedom to the Greek community. Bibliography 2005. â€Å"Greece,† Architectural Science Review 8(4). Crawley, C. W. The Question of Greek Independence: A Study of British Policy in the Near East, 1821-1833. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1930. Forster, Edward S. A Short History of Modern Greece, 1821-1956. London: Methuen, 1958. Glencross, Michael, â€Å"Greece Restored: Greece and the Greek War of Independence in French Romantic Historiography 1821-1830.† Journal of European Studies 27(1) (1997). Kaloudis, George, 2006. â€Å"Greeks of the Diaspora: Modernizers or an Obstacle to Progress?. † International Journal on World Peace 23(2). Kolokotronis, Theodoros. Encyclop? dia Britannica. (2007) Encyclop? dia Britannica Online, http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9045950. Nostos, â€Å"Greek Revolution 1821 – 1829. † nostos. com (2005), http://www. nostos. com/greekrev/ Schofield, Philip, and Jonathan Harris, eds . Legislator of the World: Writings on Codification, Law, and Education. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1998. Van Steen, Gonda, 2000. Venom in Verse: Aristophanes in Modern Greece. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

A Review of Dover AFB C

A Review of Dover AFB C Abstract On the 3rd of April, 2006, a C-5 aircraft crashed at Dover Air Force Base in Delaware. Poor decision-making was the main cause of the expensive, but unfortunate, accident. The essay reviewed the chain of events that led to the mishap and measures that the pilot could have taken to prevent it.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on A Review of Dover AFB C-B Crash 2006 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The essay used information from reports of survivors and investigators. The author provided a short summary of landing basics that the pilots ignored, leading to the mishap. The essay addressed the application of KISS, which stands for Keep it Simple Stupid. It also addressed the issue of how an alternative thinking process could have averted the crashing of a multi-million dollar jet. The Occurrence The C-5B Galaxy crashed and disintegrated into three pieces at around 6:42 in the morning. The crash occurred in a grassy area adjacent to the Air Force Base. In fact, the crash site was near the edge of the facility’s fence (Federal Information News Dispatch, 2006a). The Air Force categorizes the land as proprietary to the base. As such, the crash took place within the property of Air Force. The land was acquired by the government a number of years ago for specific purposes. For example, the land is used by authorities to monitor activities taking place in the surrounding airspace. It was also meant to shield the civilian population from rare and unlikely mishaps like this crash. To this end, it is important to note that if Air Force had not acquired this piece of land, the crash would have taken place on civilian property. The arising damages can only be imagined. The jet that crashed was used for transport by Air Force. It had taken off from the base at about 6:21 a.m. Its destination was Ramstein Air Base in Germany. The jet was carrying merchandise destined for troops participati ng in the worldwide war on terror (Federal Information News Dispatch, 2006b). As such, it can be argued that the crash occurred when the crew was participating in the fight against global terrorism. Given the conditions under which the jet was operating, the crew should have declared an emergency. To this end, members of the crew should have scrutinized their operations to ensure the jet was still under control. In addition, they should have evaluated the origin of the emergency. They should also have processed their jet checklists and settled for an appropriate location to securely land the jet to avoid risks and loss of lives. Finally, they should have informed everybody in the jet and on the ground about the measures they were taking to control the situation. A number of parties responded to the accident immediately after the crash. They include the Air Force personnel and neighboring fast response teams. The latter was composed of health experts, firefighters, members of the de fense forces, and civil engineers. All of the parties were interested in rescuing survivors and helping in any way they could.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dover AFB C-B Crash 2006: A Review of Possible Errors Made A plane crash can be attributed to a number of errors. The errors can either be human or mechanical. A crash can also be brought about by unfavorable weather conditions, such as storms. A crash can also be brought about by a combination of a number of errors. The errors responsible for the crash can only be determined after extensive investigations into the occurrence. That is the reason why commissions are formed to investigate any crash. The findings made in such investigations go a long way in averting future crashes. An investigation into the AFB CB crash 2006 made findings regarding the errors responsible for the occurrence. According to the finding s, human error was liable for the crash of the C-5 jet at Dover Air Force base. The military official inspectors reported that the cockpit crew committed three serious errors. The errors, which later led to the crash, were committed before the crew declared an emergency soon after takeoff. The crash occurred on the 3rd of April, 2006 (Pilot error blamed for USAF Galaxy crash, 2006). According to the report made by the investigators, there was apparent and persuasive proof that the crew attempted to restart an engine they had already shut down. At the same time, the crew was not using a fully equipped engine that was available to them. In addition, the crew made use of flap settings, a decision that led to too much haul for the jet. It was also found that C-5 crew settled for the wrong strategy to deal with the conditions they were experiencing. Investigations also revealed that the crew manning the jet received a false alarm to the effect that they had not shut down the power revers er on one of the engines. As a result, the crew shut down the engine and attempted to fly back to the base. The jet stalled roughly a mile from the landing strip. After stalling, it hit a telephone pole before crashing into open grassland. The impact of the crash made the jet split into three. At the time of the crash, 17 people were on board. Lucky enough, all the seventeen people in the jet survived. The jet was under the control of two pilots. The two were captains Brian LaFreda and Harland Nelson (Pilot error blamed for USAF Galaxy crash, 2006). A third one, Robert Moorman, was seated at the back of the jet (Rolfsen, 2006). In addition to the three, there were two expert jet engineers. Between them, the three jet pilots had more than ten thousand hours of flying time in a C-5 jet. What this means is that they were experienced professionals. The same applied to the two jet engineers in the crew. The jet was owned by the 436th Airlift Wing. The wing is the dynamic duty department at Dover. However, the jet was under the command of a different department. It was under the control of the 512th Airlift Wing. The wing is a reserve section at Dover. It was revealed that the crew lacked situational ‘smugness’ and alertness.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on A Review of Dover AFB C-B Crash 2006 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To compound their initial mistakes, the crew applied a complete flap strategy. Utilizing flap settings of 62 or 40 percent, rather than 100 percent, would have been very helpful. Such a strategy would have decreased the haul on the jet, which weighed 730000 pounds. The jet was 100000 pounds heavier than its ordinary landing weight. The surveyors reported that a 40 percent flap would have saved the situation. The flap would have increased the airspeed by roughly 20 knots or 166 knots on last approach (Rolfsen, 2006). As already indicated above, the crew fai led to utilize engine number 3 and placed the flaps wrongly. In addition, the crew incorrectly attempted to adopt a visual strategy to access the airstrip. Using the strategy, they took the C-5 jet below the standard flying path for a tool approach or the standard visual air travel altitude. Finally, the inspectors discovered that Captain LaFreda did not give a full approach notice to the ground crew. Had he briefed them, the situation may have been a lot different. For example, the crew would probably have raised queries that could have prevented the accident. A number of simulation tests were conducted during the investigations. The tests showed that the crew could have averted the crash with the same flap positioning and approach they had applied. A crash would have been averted if the crew had started engine number 3 about 300 feet above the ground. Even if the crew had at their disposal only two functioning engines, a crisis may have been averted. For example, the simulation te sts showed that a decreased flap setting would have led to a safe landing. The crew could also have achieved a safe landing with just two functioning engines and at complete flaps. They would have achieved this by applying a tool landing strategy on a different airstrip (Rolfsen, 2006). A Review of AFB-CB Crash 2006 from a KISS Perspective KISS is an ellipsis for Keep it Simple Stupid (Siegler, 2009). It is a design principle established by the U.S. forces in 1960 (Siegler, 2009). The principle states that the functioning of nearly all systems can be maximized if the designers ‘keep them’ uncomplicated. Intricate and complex designs make it hard for users to utilize equipment. That is why designers should try as much as possible to avoid intricate models. Consequently, simplicity should be the ultimate goal in design. To this end, engineers should desist from embracing pointless intricacies. The KISS strategy is often associated with software and mechanical engineering. Nevertheless, the strategy can also be applied in most areas of human endeavor.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A story is told of Kelly Johnson giving a group of engineers few tools to work with. The story best exemplifies the principle of Keep it Simple, Stupid. Johnson is well known for engineering jets for the American military as an independent outworker. He is regarded as one of the exceptional engineers due to the realistic nature of the strategies he used to solve the various problems he encountered. His attitude reflects the opinions and belief systems of other great philosophers in the past. For example, he has been likened to such prominent figures as Leonardo da Vinci and Henry David Thoreau (Siegler, 2009). Experts frequently quote the KISS principle in their works. For example, the principle is especially utilized when technological improvements and upgrades are carried out. In addition, the strategy is used in addressing the various problems brought about by increasing population growth in contemporary world. Johnson challenges contemporary engineers to fix a problem in a jet a ircraft they are designing using a standard mechanic approach. In the story cited above, he challenged his engineers to fix a problem encountered in war using the few tools he gave them. According to Siegler (2009), Johnson uses the term stupid to refer to the link between the way things break down and the complex nature of conventional ideas available to repair them. In the jet crash case referred to in this paper, the accident could have been averted if the crew had applied the KISS principle. The crew should have taken the time to completely close down the power reverser on one of the engines. The crew should have settled for the right strategy to address the problems raised by the conditions they were exposed to. In addition, the crew should have flown the jet without engaging other units. That way, the crash could have been averted. They should not have complicated the issue by exchanging their problems with reserve crews (C-5 crash blamed on human error, 2006). If they had kep t their responses ‘simple’, may be the jet could not have crashed. The complex nature of their responses may have played a part in the crash. According to Siegler (2009), the principle emphasizes on the application of the least number of tools to address a given problem. The small number of tools enhances efficiency in a given situation. For instance, utilizing the flap settings of sixty-two or forty percent, rather than hundred percent, would have decreased the haul on the seven hundred and thirty thousand pound jet. As indicated earlier in this paper, a forty percent flap would have increased the airspeed by roughly twenty knots or one hundred and sixty six knots on last approach (Federal Information News Dispatch, 2006a). The KISS principle insists that individuals should adopt the correct approach in addressing a problem. For instance, the crew did not utilize engine number 3, which could have proved to be the right approach to the problem. Instead, not only did th ey fail to power the engine, but they also placed the flaps wrongly. The crew also adopted the wrong visual strategy to return to the airstrip. The crew dropped the jet below the standard fly path for a tool approach. In addition, they dropped below the standard visual air travel altitude. The jet crew could have averted all these problems by applying the KISS principle. Furthermore, Captain LaFreda failed to provide the ground crew with a full approach notice. Such a notice would have averted the crisis given that his actions would have been questioned by the crew. KISS principle focuses on the application of the ‘simplest of tools’ and the ‘easiest of techniques’ (Siegler, 2009). As indicated above, the principle is applicable to the crash case analyzed in this paper. The simulator tests conducted during the investigation showed that the KISS principle would have worked wonders even under the challenging situations the crew was exposed to. For example, th e realization that the same flap positioning and approach adopted by the crew could have led to a safe landing points to the fact that application of KISS principles would have saved the situation. If the crew had adopted the KISS strategy, they could have switched on engine 3 at three hundred feet above the ground. Likewise, the application of KISS principles would have helped the crew to adopt a decreased flap setting with only two functioning engines. In addition, the crew could have applied a tool landing strategy to a different airstrip. Over Thinking and the Crash Over thinking is actually detrimental to people’s performance. It appears that under some circumstances, paying full attention and trying very hard can really hinder performance. The reason is that individuals must access their working reminiscences to effectively carry out a particular task. Today, scientists believe that there are two forms of long-term reminiscences. The first is implicit reminiscing, which does not require ‘mindful thoughts’ (Siegler, 2009). It is expressed by means instead of words. There is also explicit reminiscing, which is created consciously by the individual. It can also be describe in words. Experts consider these two different areas of functioning to be both habitual and mind-based. The inspectors report indicated that the crew attempted to start an engine they had shut down. They seemed to forget that there was fully equipped engine that was lying idle. The error, coupled with others that were revealed during investigations, makes it apparent that the crew was desperate. They were doing anything they could think of to avert the accident. Consequently, they ended up thinking in their own way, committing a number of errors in the process. Investigations also revealed that the crew did not think the signal could have been false. It never occurred to them that one of the systems may have malfunctioned and given them the wrong signal. They acted on this false alarm by shutting down the engine and attempting to go back to the base. The crew should have taken the time to think whether the signal was right or not. They could have landed the jet immediately to avert any accident. Instead, it appears that they panicked and failed to think straight. The crew decided to use a different strategy to solve the issues that arose prior to the crash. For example, they thought that by applying a higher percentage flap, they would have increased the speed of the jet, averting an accident. It is clear that they deviated from the standard rules and formulated their own approaches to address the problem. It is this misdirected and misinformed ‘creativity’ on the part of the crew that led to the accident. The crew should have adhered to the normal percentage of flaps. The investigations also revealed that the crew decided to formulate their own ways of utilizing engine number 3. The placing of flaps, which was wrong, was also their own way of responding to the crisis. Their strategies were ineffective in addressing the situation. They should have adopted the right strategy. If the crew acted calmly and responded to the crisis with a clear mind, perhaps the accident could not have occurred. It appears that, just like the rest of the crew, Captain LaFreda was over- thinking. For example, the investigations revealed that he thought of trying his own ways to avert the accident. He was over-thinking and forgot to communicate with the emergency crew on the ground. The conclusion is based on the findings made by the investigators to the effect that Captain LaFreda did not give a full approach notice to the crew. He came up with his own strategies, which he thought will avert the crisis. Instead of averting the problem, his ‘creativity’ led to an accident. In addition to Captain LaFreda, other members of the crew came up with their own strategies to address the problem. The common denominator in the strat egies adopted by the crew was that they were panicky responses to a crisis. For instance, the crew decided against revving up engine number 3 three hundred feet above the ground. They came up with their own ineffective strategies to address the situation. Conclusion Investigations carried out to determine what caused Dover AFB C-5 crash that took place in 2006 pointed out that human error was to blame. The crew made a number of tactical errors that led to the crash. The pilot adopted the wrong strategy in addressing the problem. Over-thinking was one of the factors that led to the human errors responsible for the crash. Adoption of the KISS strategies could have averted the accident. References C-5 crash blamed on human error. (2006). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/docview/232714113?accountid=27203 Federal Information News Dispatch. (2006a). C-5 accident investigation board complete. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy. db.erau.edu/docview/190396594?accountid=27203 Federal Information News Dispatch. (2006b). 17 airmen survive Dover C-5 Galaxy crash. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/docview/190416884?accountid=27203 Pilot error blamed for USAF Galaxy crash. (2006). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/docview/225093357?accountid=27203 Rolfsen, B. (2006). Too low, too slow board faults 5 crew members in crash of C-5B Galaxy at Dover. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/docview/734362931?accountid=27203 Siegler, M. G. (2009). Keep it simple stupid. Retrieved from http://techcrunch.com/2009/04/28/keep-it-simple-stupid/

Life and Art of Anni Albers, Modernist Weaver

Life and Art of Anni Albers, Modernist Weaver Born Anneliese Fleischmann in 1899 to an affluent German family, Anni Albers was expected to live the tranquil life of a housewife. Yet Anni was determined to become an artist. Known for her masterful textile work and influential ideas about design, Albers went on to establish weaving as a new medium for modern art. Fast Facts: Anni Albers Full Name: Anneliese Fleischmann AlbersBorn: June 12, 1899 in Berlin, German EmpireEducation: BauhausDied: May 9, 1994 in Orange, Connecticut, U.S.Spouses Name: Josef Albers (m. 1925)Key Accomplishments: First textile designer to receive a solo show at the Museum of Modern Art. Early Life As a teenager, Anni knocked on famed Expressionist painter Oskar Kokoschka’s door and asked him if she could apprentice under him. In response to the young woman and the paintings she had brought with her, Kokoschka scoffed, barely giving  her the time of day. Undiscouraged, Anni turned to the newly founded Bauhaus in Weimar, Germany where, under the guidance of architect Walter Gropius, a new philosophy of design was being developed. Bauhaus Years Anni met her future husband Josef Albers, eleven years her senior, in 1922. According to Anni, she asked to be placed as a student in the Bauhaus glassmaking studio because she had seen a handsome-looking man at work there, and she hoped he could be her teacher. Though she was denied placement in the glass workshop, she nevertheless found a lifelong partner in the man: Josef Albers. They married in 1925 and would remain married  for more than 50 years, until Josef’s death in 1976. Though the Bauhaus preached inclusivity, women were  allowed entrance only into the bookmaking studio and the weaving workshop. And as the bookmaking workshop shuttered soon after the Bauhaus’ founding, women found that their only option was to enter as weavers. (Ironically, it was the commercial sale of the fabrics they produced that kept the Bauhaus financially secure.) Albers excelled in the program and eventually became head of the workshop.  Ã‚   At the Bauhaus, Albers exhibited a remarkable ability to innovate with a variety of materials. For her diploma project, she was charged with creating fabric to line the walls of an auditorium. Using cellophane and cotton, she made a material which could reflect light and absorb sound, and could not be stained. Black Mountain College In 1933, the Nazi Party came to power in Germany. The Bauhaus project came to an end under pressure from the regime. As Anni had Jewish roots (though her family had converted to Christianity in her youth), she and Josef believed it best to flee Germany. Rather serendipitously, Josef was offered a job at Black Mountain College in North Carolina, by way of a recommendation of Philip Johnson, a trustee at the Museum of Modern Art. Black Mountain College was an experiment in education, inspired by the writings and teachings of John Dewey. Dewey’s philosophy preached of an artistic education as the means to educating democratic citizens capable of exercising individual judgment. Josef’s pedagogical skill was soon an invaluable part of the curriculum of Black Mountain, where he taught the importance of understanding material, color, and line through the pure act of seeing. Anni Albers was an assistant instructor at Black Mountain, where she taught students in the weaving studio. Her own philosophy was derived from the importance of understanding of material. We touch things to put ourselves in close contact with reality, to remind ourselves we are in the world, not above it, she wrote.   Annie Albers, Knot (1947). Courtesy of David Zwirner As her husband spoke little English upon arrival to the United States (and in fact would never speak it fluently despite forty years in America), Anni acted as his translator, having learned English from the Irish governess with whom she grew up in Berlin. Her command of the language was remarkable, as is apparent when reading any of her extensive writings, either in numerous publications for the Black Mountain newsletter, or in her own published works. Peru, Mexico, and Yale From Black Mountain, Anni and Josef would drive to Mexico, sometimes with friends, where they would study the ancient culture through sculpture, architecture, and craft. Both had much to learn and began collecting figurines and examples of ancient cloths and ceramics. They would also bring home the memory of South America’s color and light, which both would incorporate into their practices. Josef would seek to capture the pure desert oranges and reds, while Anni would mimic the monolithic forms she discovered in the ruins of ancient civilizations, incorporating them into works like  Ancient Writing  (1936)  and  La Luz  (1958). In 1949, due to disagreements with the administration of Black Mountain, Josef and Anni Albers left Black Mountain College for New York City, and then went on to Connecticut, where Josef was offered a position at the Yale School of Art. In the same year, Albers was given the first solo show dedicated to a textile artist at the Museum of Modern Art.   Writings Anni Albers was a prolific writer, often publishing in crafts journals about weaving. She was also the author of the  Encyclopedia Brittanica’s entry on hand weaving, with which she begins her seminal text,  On Weaving, first published in 1965. (An updated, color version of this work was reissued by Princeton University Press in 2017.)  On Weaving  was only in part an instruction manual, but is more accurately described as an homage to a medium. In it, Albers extols the pleasures of the process of weaving, revels in the importance of its materiality, and explores its lengthy history. She dedicates the work to the ancient weavers of Peru, whom she calls her â€Å"teachers,† as she believed the medium reached its highest heights in that civilization. Anni Albers, Open Letter (1958). Courtesy David Zwirner Albers sold her loom by 1968 after producing her last weaving, appropriately titled  Epitaph. When accompanying her husband to a residency at a college in California, she refused to be the wife who sat idly by, so she found a means to be productive. She used the school’s art studios to produce silkscreens, which would soon dominate her practice and often mimicked the geometries she developed in her woven works. Death and Legacy Before Anni Albers’ death May 9, 1994, the German government paid Mrs. Albers reparations for the confiscation of her parents’ successful furniture business in the 1930s, which was shut down due to the family’s Jewish roots. Albers put the resulting sum into a foundation, which manages the Albers estate today. It includes the couple’s archive, as well as the papers relating to  a few of their students from Black Mountain, among them wire sculptor  Ruth Asawa. Sources Albers, A. (1965).  On Weaving.  Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.Danilowitz, B.  and  Liesbrock, H. (eds.). (2007).  Anni and Josef Albers: Latin AmericanJourneys. Berlin: Hatje Cantz.Fox  Weber, N.  and  Ã‚  Tabatabai Asbaghi, P. (1999).  Anni Albers.  Venice: Guggenheim Museum.​Smith, T. (21014).  Bauhaus Weaving Theory: From Feminine Craft to Mode of DesignBauhaus. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Do you agree or disagree with the Supreme Court's decision in Citizend Essay

Do you agree or disagree with the Supreme Court's decision in Citizend United and why What are the implications for political discourse in the U.S - Essay Example The financial support of a political post in a corporation is likely to influence corporate staff to engage in corrupt deals. One may not have enough resources to campaign for the seat, a factor that may influence them to engage in corruption to raise the required financial resources for the campaign. If the Court decision prohibited all forms of financial support for political candidates, candidates would learn to make their own personal efforts in campaigning and not rely on financial support from corporations (Abrams, 2011). This is an indication of able leadership by the political candidates who can sponsor their campaigns without external  financial  support at the same time; the decision encourages discrimination in contest for corporate political seats. It is not easy  that all the candidates win a political support from a certain organization. For this reason, the ruling seems to encourage discrimination in corporate leadership. Another reason that I disagree with the ruling is that it may interfere with transparency and accountability in elections. Some corporations may go as far as sponsoring election rigging to ensure that the preferred candidate wins the elections (Abrams, 2011). Election rigging may be one of the most serious problems in the economic and political development of corporations and nations when it is extended from the personal level to the corporate level. The  decision was one of the most surprising decisions in the political sphere of the country, especially given the sensitivity on union and corporate money being used to sponsor federal elections (Neuborn, 2011). Despite the fact the funding of federal campaigns by corporations was banned; the law is not easy to implement if political campaigns in corporations are treated differently. In my opinion, political campaigns need to be treated equally regardless of the level of the campaign, and the seat being contested. It is unfair to have financial sponsors for corporate

Reguirements Modeling Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reguirements Modeling - Assignment Example BPM can also be referred to as Business process management or a holistic management approach. It aligns a company’s business processes with clients’ needs. BPM improves the business’ efficiency and effectiveness through working towards integration with technology, innovation and flexibility. Therefore, BPM can be referred to as a process enhancement process. It is said that BPM helps organizations to be more effective, efficient and also more capable of making changes in an organization compared to a traditional hierarchical management method. These business processes also have a large impact on the costs and revenues of an organization. When Business process management employs a managerial approach, it views processes as strategic assets owned by an organization. According to BPM, these processes must be understood, improved and managed in order to deliver quality services and services to clients (Acharya 127). Data flow diagrams represent the flow of information and data in an information system graphically. This enables a person to denote the processes in an information system from the data’s viewpoint. Data flow diagrams also help a person know how a system operates, the system’s accomplishments and how to implement the accomplishments. Data flow diagrams are also used in designing information-processing systems by system analysts. DFD is also used in commence of a business process modeling so as to lay down the functions which a system has to carry out. It also helps to focus on information exchanges between processes and also show a relationship between those functions. Unified Modeling language is a consistent modeling language in software engineering. UML includes a collection of graphic notation techniques. These strategies help in the making of visual models of software-intensive systems that are object-oriented. Unified Modeling