Why did the First World War end when it did?

This was war on a scale that the world had never seen before, and Hough It would never see again. However, a question that Is often glossed over Is why the war ended on Armistice Day, at the eleventh hour. It is a combination of different events, all leading to the fact that Germany ran out of food, supplies, and manpower, and had to surrender. Furthermore, as America had entered the war the previous year, the Germans realized that they were going to lose, and that drawing it out would only Increase casualties and long-term effects. One of the reasons Germany was ‘bled white', to use their own term, was the successful British NavalBlockade, which caused mass starvation, and turned the country on itself with riots and the naval mutiny. The American president, Woodrow Wilson, had been campaigning for a ceasefire, which led to the US invasion of Germany, and when Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated on the 9th November, the war was all but over. To begin with, the main reason for the end of t he war was a simple lack of supplies on all sides, but Germany had especially been hit hard. Although both sides launched renewed offensives In early 1918 In a desperate attempt to win the war, both efforts failed.The fighting between exhausted, demoralized troops continued to approach a stalemate until the Germans lost a number of individual battles and very gradually began to be pushed back. A deadly outbreak of influenza, meanwhile, took heavy casualties on both sides. Eventually, the governments of both Germany and Austria-Hungary began to lose control as both countries experienced multiple mutinies from within their military structures, and due to mass starvation, many call riots were held In Berlin. The naval war Is generally considered a side show In worldWar l: in fact it was a critical part of the war, with especially the naval blockade of Germany being hugely important. If the Germans were to be stopped it would have to be done by the French Army, but what the British did have was the Royal Navy. The Government ordered the Royal Navy to immediately cut the flow of raw materials and foodstuffs to Germany, which would not affect the German offensive, but it was the launch of a war of attrition which would ultimately play a major role In the Allied victory. Another factor that contributed to the end of the war was the introduction ofAmerican troops into the fighting. On April 2, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson asked a special session of Congress to declare war on the German Empire, saying â€Å"We have war in a positive light, claiming it would â€Å"make the world safe for democracy† and that it would be a â€Å"war to end war†. On April 6, 1917, Congress declared war, and in the end it was Germany's use of U-boats that pushed America into a corner and ultimately to declare war: on February 4th, 191 5, Germany announced that merchant shipping in a specified zone around Britain would be legitimate targets.They added hat this would include neutral ships because many Allied ships had taken to flying the flag of a neutral nation to assist its safety. America's military build-up was (relatively) slow: General Perishing demanded a million men, to which the American Congress replied it could gather 420,000 by spring 1918. However, the anticipated influx of military supplies from America never materialized. For the most part the troops fought with equipment supplied by the Allies (including the recognizable helmet). American troops saw their first action in May 1918 in fighting alone at the Manner River.In June 1918, Perishing ordered an all-out attack in the Saint-Mile area of Eastern France. Casualties were high but the attack forced a German retreat that (combined with other Allied offensives along the Western Front) put the entire German army on the back foot. In early October, the Americans pushed through the Argonne Forest. The German High Command began to crack in the face of the persistent Allied onslaught. General Ultrasound was forced to resign and flee to Sweden, a feeling of mutiny spread among the Kaiser's naval units, and the Kaiser myself was forced to abdicate on November 9.On the other hand, the American assistance nearly came too late: as both sides desperately tried to gain the upper hand in 1918, Germany very nearly won an attack, as the American troops were delayed. Fortunately, Willow's men eventually arrived, and this attack can be regarded as the tipping point that signaled the final stages of the war. The war ended for a number of different reasons, all leading to the fact that there was no longer anything to fight with, or anyone to Join the German army.Many Americans live that America won the war, and the truth is much more subtle: it is true that the war would have lasted longer without the Allied support of Woodrow Wilson, but it was not a war of tactics, but of attrition. There is no denying that the First World War was a catastrophic failure of humanity, and the question s of motivation have been analyses endlessly. I believe that the reasons for the peace treaty are equally interesting, and as it shows that some good can come from four years of atrocities, it is clear why we remember all those who have died in war on the 1 lath of November. Word count: 1019 Ben Phillips

Philosophy of life Essay

Do most companies have an obligation to create and enforce a code of ethics? Explain why or why not. What are some specific code of ethics mentioned in the text and readings? Most companies are not obligated to create and enforce a code of ethics but it is in the best interest of the company that they do. Companies are not obligated simply because it is up to them how they enforce rules of the company. According to the text â€Å"Most professional organizations have detailed codes of conduct that specify the obligations members are expected to honor† (Ruggiero, 2008, p. 98).† If enforced the code of ethics provided will help employees understand what is right and what is wrong when it comes to other employees and customers. In the text some specific code of ethics are â€Å"A physician shall always bear in mind the obligation of preserving Human life.(World Medical Association)† (Ruggiero, 2008, p. 98).† And â€Å"Advertising agencies must recognize an obligation, not only to their clients, but to the public, the media they employ, and to each other. (American Association of Advertising Agencies)† (Ruggiero, 2008, p. 98).† I have not worked for a company that does not have a code of ethic. Sometimes a company has to change its code of ethics to adjust to its growing business. The code of ethics of a company is something and employee can refer to when they have question about how they should act in a certain situation. I cannot remember which class but in one of my classes I remember writing a code of ethics for a pretend company and I enjoyed doing it. Reference Ruggiero, V.R. (2008). Thinking critically about ethical issues (7th Ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Punk music paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Punk music - Research Paper Example Background of Punk music The word â€Å"Punk† was first realized in the 1970’s. Punk music was majorly related to Punk rock which also developed during the same period. In addition to that, Punk rock music was more of a â€Å"garage† kind of music since most of the artists who indulged in punk music sang from their garages. The 70’s punk rock music had a number of previous influences. First, due to the fact that most of the punk rock artists incorporated garage rock characteristics; punk music was highly influenced by garage rock. As a result, garage rock became one of the influencers of punk music. Secondly, genres such as proto punk, pub rock, glam rock, surf rock and ska had a very huge influence to the origins of punk rock. For example, proto punk was very much common in the 1960’s. Some of the bands which propagated this style of music were the Velvet Underground, MC5 and the Stooges. Whereas single artists included Lou Reed, David Bowie, Captain Beefheart and Iggy Pop. It is important to note that the mentioned bands as well as the individual artists promoted and encouraged the emergence of punk rock bands such as the New York Dolls, the Dictators (â€Å"Proto punk†, 2013), the Ramones and the Sex Pistols (â€Å"History of Punk Rock†, n.d). Garage rock was also a major influencer to punk music. This style of music was prevalent in the 1960‘s; however, at that time it was closely related to rock and roll. Additionally, it was characterised by garage performances – that is, the artists used to practice and perform in their garages. Some of the notable garage rock bands then included the likes of the Aardvarks, the Actioneers, the Angry, the Bad Boys, the Cobras only to mention a few. The culture that developed out of punk music was the â€Å"Punk culture†. The Punk culture had a variety of distinctive characteristics that were mostly based on their ideologies, looks and clothing. It is without doubt that the individuals who were already down for the Punk culture could be determined very easily without any hustles. To start with, this style was music was unique in its own way. It was characterised by fast musical beats, the use of instruments especially bass drums and electric guitars, the songs were in themselves shorter and the y were advocating and/ or portraying a message – that is, the lyrics were quite direct. For example, the Clash was a punk rock band from the UK and they had hit songs such as: â€Å"Career Opportunities† and â€Å"Right to Work†. Both of these songs were portraying messages of work opportunities for the youth. Due to the fact that the lyrics related to this music genre had a meaning behind them, a lot of people were attracted to it especially the youth. Through that appreciation, the punk culture evolved to greater heights in the 70’s. There were a number of intriguing and distinctive attributes related to the punk culture and their followers and/ or fans. The first feature was in their looks; secondly, their clothing was also quite distinctive as it included the likes of t-shirts, fitting pants, leather jackets, leather boots and other accessories; thirdly, a large number of the fans were anti – authoritarian – that is, they had their own i deologies with regard to a number of society issues. Apparently, United Kingdom had the highest prevalence of the punk culture followed by United States and Australia. Punk music goes way back into the 1960’s were the existing music genres were the likes of garage rock, proto punk, pub rock, glam rock, surf rock and ska. As a result, some of the performers of punk rock included the likes of the Ramones from USA, specifically New York City, the Sex Pistols and the Clash who were from UK, specifically London. The composers of punk rock were mostly the artists. This is because they were the ones who were projecting the message to the public. However, the works of Marty Munsch were also remarkable as he worked with a variety of punk rock artists. One of the bands that he

Introduction to Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Introduction to Business - Essay Example In other words, the past successes may not indicate future positive results. Hence, its prospects as an investment option are not quite straight forward. While the company still retains many of its unique selling propositions and brand image, recent results have shown some existing technical glitches within the organization. The rest of this essay will dissect the facts and figures to arrive at a forecast of its performance. In 2000, Vodafone led the industry’s biggest takeover of another company with its acquisition Mannesmann (the German electronics company) for 112 billion pounds. But, since its glory days then, it had reached a trough last month, when it posted losses of nearly 15 billion pounds, which by the way is a record in the British corporate history. This is an important piece of information for potential investors as â€Å"the announcement followed a period of bad news for Vodafone, with rumours of a board-level rift, the departure of life president and former chief executive Sir Christopher Gent and the ousting of chief marketing officer Peter Bamford† (Business Week Online, 2007). But, there are concerns surrounding Vodafone regarding its performances in the near future. For example, while Vodafone has been concentrating on restructuring its business, its competitors have been moving ahead with â€Å"the job of developing their offer†. T-Mobile has lately run a very expensive advertisement campaign for its Flext tariff and has also initiated measures to revamp its stores. Orange’s parent company France Telecom, in the mean time, has adopted the mobile operators name as an umbrella brand for many of its subsidiaries, â€Å"including fixed-line and ISP services† (Foroohar, 2004). In addition to that, it is presently looking to expand beyond its core competencies and is working on venturing into Television and video-on-demand businesses as part of its broadband

Qestuions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Qestuions - Assignment Example Births are accompanied by responsibilities that relate to taking care of the new born. Preparation and planning for the arrival of a newborn is a form of inherent stress that is normal for any family. Normal Stress outside the Family. An example of a stress in this category is tax liabilities. Tax liabilities emanate from the external environment of the family as they are regulated and imposed by the external legal systems. Adherence to tax requirements is a compulsory condition that the family has to contend through inclusion of a budget. Any budget deficits or failure to comply causes stress. The compulsory nature of tax remittance makes the stress normal. Abnormal Stress inside the Family. Family violence is a vice. Therefore, it is abnormal for families to experience the events of violence as they are preventable and unnecessary. Family violence subjects the family members to harm and loss as well as undermining of their dignity. Abnormal Stress outside the Body. War is a vice th at is external to a family as it involves conflict among many social units. War may lead to stress related to replacement and loss of property. This form of stress can be averted through promoting harmony in the society. Reaction to Stress Normal Stress Inside The Family Normal Stress Outside The Family -Family planning -Health security -Clear role definition -Saving -National planning -Tax preparedness -Venturing on self employment -Self reliance Abnormal Stress Outside The Family Abnormal Stress Outside The Family -Promoting awareness on the dangers of drug abuse -Legal action against offenders -National planning -Disaster preparedness -International sanctions towards war instigators 2. A good beginning definition of "theory" might be "A theory suggests a model, or representation, of the way things are." With this definition in mind, describe:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. A good theoretical answer to the Hobbesian Question   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hobbesian question seeks t o understand how order is possible in a world characterized by competition for scarce resources. Order is possible because every person is dependent and connected to their own social world. Social role play and specialization determine the part to be played by every member of a family; thus avoiding conflict and enhancing the maintenance of order. The nature of the social roles that the families undertake are normally interconnected, and alienated by time and sequence of events. For instance, school goers normally take showers every morning at a certain sequence. The changing social demands force people to change survival tactics while still adhering to social order. Maintenance of social order eliminates any form of disagreements. A. How are family rituals important to the study of family crises? Family rituals refer to the family’s adaptation to the changing social demands. According to John Pardeck, adherence to rituals avoids conflicts as the changes are enacted in refere nce to the stipulated order. Disagreements may occur if the family members do not adhere to the rituals. For instance, the existence of a standard operating procedure enables the success of morning rituals. Rituals help researchers to understand the source of any conflict arising from the

Should certain types of products be banned from advertised through Essay

Should certain types of products be banned from advertised through magazines billboards, commercials posters - Essay Example Advertising employs some mental pressure by attracting feelings of insufficiency on the targeted consumers, sometimes causing harm. It is, therefore, the responsibility of any advertising agency to adhere to the rules and regulations that are stipulated to shield the consumer from false and unsafe information. Some adverts still do not comply with the aforementioned rules and regulations hence leading to advertisement bans on some products (Cohen, 2011). This essay will analyse certain products that need to be banned from public domain and give appropriate reasons why they should be banned. Discussion The first product that should be banned is tobacco products like cigarettes. Tobacco manufacturers have been able to penetrate the market through a diverse media promotion campaigns including use of posters and billboards. Some of the countries have banned tobacco adverts, and it should be banned fully. The early 20th century adverts were more pronounced using large posters and billboar ds. Some of the companies had created slogans for different types of cigarettes and also acquired full support from renowned people. Some of these adverts went to the extent of using doctors and children in their attempts to lure new customers. At this time, smoking was fashionable, and there were fewer reports on health effects (Johnson, 2006). Today, tobacco has many serious complications. Tobacco is responsible for lung cancer and erectile dysfunction among its users, and approximately greater than half a million people die annually hence a lot of health costs to the tax payer. These tobacco bans will shield many children from the disastrous effects of advertising. A substantial young audience will also be salvaged from these adverts. Advertising to children is dangerous since their comprehension of personality and money is much undeveloped. They also know little on their desires and preferences and on utilization of their resources rationally to fulfill their needs. These advert s can, therefore, lead to false beliefs among them. To shield these immature children and youth, the advertisers should not deliberately deceive children and these adverts should be banned (Cohen, 2011). Secondly, slimming products should be banned from the public domain. Recently, the demand for these products has risen among the young teens, and the manufacturers have taken advantage of this scenario to deceive their customers (Srinivasan, 2009). Majority of these adverts gives the impression that slenderness is equal to beauty. Some have gone to use Photoshop drawings to bring out these impressions. These adverts mainly appeal to the teen girls who labour with body appearance issues, recognition and self esteem. When these teens look at how faultless and immaculate women look in those magazines and billboards, this motivates them to be like the models not knowing that it is just a marketing strategy employed by the manufactures in order to lure them to buy their products. This ma kes them make irrational decisions about these products which might end up being harmful to their health (Johnson, 2006). Thirdly, the category of products that should be banned is the fast and high fat content food. These foods if taken in small quantities do not pose any serious health challenge; however, majority of people recently have become obese hence increasing their susceptibility to lifestyle diseases like cancer. Health experts link these problems to consumption of high

How Has Twitter Changed Communication Research Paper

How Has Twitter Changed Communication - Research Paper Example Analysis of timing, content intensity of occurrence, and the range of use in semiotics in the students’ tweets for curriculum change, is carried out using the approach of case study. The findings of the research were that about 40% of the tweets were positive about study groups conducted. Of the study groups, micro blogs about 42% had semiotic expressions about study group sentiments. In these, more than 60% were encouraging and the rest were posting critics about the study groups. Analyzing the micro blogs use of semiotics for composition and organization, the language composition of tweets approximated the language patterns of natural linguistic expressions. Findings show that, semiotics’ use in micro blogging is a tool used online for students’ word of mouth expressions. A discussion that schools should use the micro blogs as part of their education curriculum corresponded to this fact. The definition of social network is: â€Å"Websites which enable persons to create a free or communal profile bounded by specific rules of a system, be able to see a list of other bloggers who they share something in common and be able navigate through their list of links and those created by others bloggers within the structure†. The temperament and structure of semiotics usually varies from one website to another. (Boyd D, 3). For a website to be developed, collaboration and the community are extremely vital characteristics and are the prime features of virtual reality and social network. These combined with the ever- present online internet access, people who were at some point had parallel lifestyles and cultures are constantly connected. An enquiry concerning the overall effect of these social networks platforms has to be done. This paper uses semiotics to investigate the bond between students and the administration in improving the level of study groups in an institution. Given that twitter has very distinct features and characteristics, it h as potential to have an impact on relations, which is a key factor to improvement in students study groups and their grades in a subject. There is no doubt that Social networks are unique because they let people convene strangers and helps users to control and increase the chances of their social networks noticeable through opening of profiles. The result is that, individuals who would not otherwise be friends are connected. More often than not, this is not the main reason but these connections are usually between â€Å"latent ties† of persons who have a connection outside the Web (Haythornthwaite). On a larger scale, people who are in the social networking systems are neither â€Å"networking† nor interested in looking for new friends, but rather are making contact with people who an inclusion of their elongated social network. The expressed social networks are stressed upon as being a significant organizing characteristic by being labeled â€Å"social network sitesà ¢â‚¬ . While the social network structures have a vast variety of technical features implementations, their strength of character consists of profiles that can be seen and display an expressed list of friends who also use the system. Profiles are usually distinct pages that a person can â€Å"proclaim into being† (Sunden, 17). Main body In the near past, people usually work from eight in the morning to five in the evening every day. Nights and weekends were usually left for family

The formation of Salt Traps and their importance in the Gulf of Mexico Research Paper

The formation of Salt Traps and their importance in the Gulf of Mexico - Research Paper Example Whereas many traps can be identified, the salt dome traps will be given the greatest emphasis on this paper. When masses of salt are thrust upward with clastic rocks, they tend to block other substances that might come along porous rocks. Due to the fact that salt is impermeable, they block the hydrocarbons in the underlying permeable rocks and create a reservoir. The Gulf of Mexico is one of the leading petroleum producing provinces in the world for more than 100 years (Hudec, Jackson & Peel 77). It remains one of the most active and intensely explored regions due principally to the tight sand and shale gas which promise greater potentials into the future. The regional stratigraphy of the Gulf of Mexico has been a bit elusive due to the fact that the classification of various features has been generally impeded by the changes of oceanic processes. Nonetheless, deep water margins that occasionally exhibit salt mobility further complicate the potentials of exploration. The most critical aspects of such a program however must rely on adequate understanding of the charge, reservoir development and trap integrity for intensive exploration activities to be deployed (Gemmer et al 202). Charge refers to the time of sedimentation processes as correlated to the allochthonous emplacement of salt as well as the rate of formation of salt welds. The process of reservoir development is critical because it determines the manner of sand distribution during the process of evolution within the basin (Seldon & Flemings 202). The third consideration which is trap integrity is crucial because it is a factor directly related to how salt trap structures chan ge over time and the influence such changes may pose to petroleum migration. The region of the Gulf of Mexico is often cited as the most potential even in the 21st century as a result of the new findings from geological explorations (Fort & Jean-Pierre 270; Seldon & Flemings 202). Deep sea oil exploration traditionally

School Bullying in California Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

School Bullying in California - Research Paper Example In this strategy just like in the jigsaw puzzle, each student’s part is essential. For example, students in a history class are divided in to may be five groups and the task being to learn about World War 2. In one jigsaw group John can be responsible in researching about the rise to power of Adolf Hitler, May assigned to cover concentration Camps, Alex to cover Britain’s role in the war, Mike to research on the contribution of the Soviet Union. Eventually every student comes back to his jigsaw group and will try to present a well-organized report to the group. Thus if a member does not like the other he cannot do well on the test that follows (Barrows, 1998). This therefore encourages listening, engagement and empathy by giving everyone an essential part to play in the academic activity. Metro Center offers technical assistance that utilizes consultation methods which builds strong-client consultation relationtionship that result in sustained change and improvement. Thus district and school representatives take an active role in coming to understand and assess their own concerns rather than having to rely solely on the knowledge and skills outside experts. The NYS Spanish Bilingual Education Technical Assistance center which is funded by the New York State office of Bilingual Education and Foreign Language studies has a goal to enhance the knowledge and competencies of parents, educators and community member implementation (Barrows, 1998). Teaching specific skills and values: The policy should target areas identified as universally to students. Skill acquisition and publication should be addressed and their roles in academic and social adult role modeling. Holding Parent meetings: Involving parents is essential. Group discussion is necessary as it conveys what the students and parents are learning. Teachers and Parents have been supporting these policies

Dissenting Opinions about Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dissenting Opinions about Outsourcing - Essay Example In 2009, the jobs that were lost to outsourcing may be difficult to quantify but Congressional studies last year has already quantified both the numbers of jobs and dollars lost to outsourcing abroad (Jackson 36-40). Also, his argument that more jobs were created in the technology industry due to outsourcing is flatly wrong because the financial crisis in 2010 hit the technology industry hard that many lost their jobs and along with it their homes. Of course, Andriole did not know that the financial crisis will strike but still, it does not excuse his argument that it is still wrong. Andriole’s argument that companies outsource to focus on their core competency and to save on cost may be a hypothesis when he wrote the article four years ago but it is already a given today that companies outsource not just to focus on their competency but also to save on cost and become competitive. It is a business imperative that companies will outsource â€Å"to get access to expertise at a good price† as what Andriole have mentioned and that is wherever that may be, locally or globally. This is no longer argued today because it is already a part of business reality. With regard to government’s responsiveness to technological change and the policy structure and educational system necessary to remain current and competitive is relative. I said relative because Andriole made a sweeping statement without inferring to any concrete study or figure that would correlate his statement. This is arguable because many academicians and politicians will tell that the best universities are still in the United States and we continue to fund cutting edge studies. On the other hand, many will also say that US capability is diminished and that it is no longer responsive to the demands of the workplace. Many will cite the scores in Math

Economic Growth in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Economic Growth in Nigeria Essay The agriculture sector was the focus of intense development interest during the 1990s, with food self-sufficiency the goal. In 1990, agriculture was the subject of a separate three-year development plan involving public and private spending targets concentrating on the family farmer. The program  included price stabilization plans and schemes to revitalize the palm oil, cocoa, and rubber subsectors. The Agricultural Development Projects continued through the decade, but implementation of goals was difficult. The country still imports most of its wheat from the United States. An integrated petrochemical industry was also a priority. Using the output of the nations refineries, Nigeria produced benzene, carbon black, and polypropylene. The development of liquid natural gas facilities was expected to lead to the production of methanol, fertilizer, and domestic gas. Nigerias refineries operated at less than optimal rates throughout the 1990s. In the manufacturing sector, the government was backing a policy of local sourcing whereby locally produced raw materials were converted into finished products. By 1999, manufacturing accounted for less than 1% of gross domestic product (GDP). By the beginning of the 2000s, the government was more concerned about halting corruption and reigning in the state budget than economic development. Nevertheless, the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) was created to coordinate economic and social development in the oil-producing region. Nigerias foreign debt stood at around $28.5 billion in 2001, a large portion of which was interest and payment arrears. The Obasanjo administration in the early 2000s was supporting private-sector-led, market-oriented economic growth, and had begun economic reform programs. Privatization of state-owned enterprises continued. A Stand-By Arrangement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), approved in 2000, lapsed in 2001 as the governments economic reform program went off track. There were indications a new IMF program for the country would be negotiated in 2003–04. Read more: http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Nigeria-ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT.html#ixzz2HUrqN4ZB

How Reference Groups Exert Influence on Consumer Behavior Essay Example for Free

How Reference Groups Exert Influence on Consumer Behavior Essay Component Attitude Model An attitude is the psychological response to a person, an object, to a situation, to society and to life itself that generally influence our behaviors and actions. Attitudes are either positive or negative. However our attitudes are not always dictated by our values and beliefs. Other factors in a given situation may influence our behavior. We can also have different attitudes towards the same thing depending on whom we are dealing with, the actual context of an exchange or an event or occurrence. Three major components of attitude are : 1) Affective: emotions or feelings. (2) Cognitive: belief or opinions held consciously. (3) Conative: inclination for action. Cognitive Component The cognitive component refers to the knowledge, beliefs, and opinions the person has about the Nike product. The cognitive component is the individual’s information and knowledge about an object or concept. A person’s cognition is the knowledge and perceptions that are acquired by a combination of direct experience with the attitude-object and related information from various sources. This knowledge and resulting perceptions commonly take the form of beliefs; that is, the consumer believes that the attitude-object possesses various attributes and that specific behaviors will lead to specific outcomes. Beliefs are the cognitive component of consumer attitude. Positive brand associations enhance brand equity and are achieved through a number of positioning strategies. The beliefs about an object tend to control the change that may take place in an attitude. Affective Component The affect component of an attitude reflects feelings (â€Å"affect† is the technical term for positive or negative feelings), evaluation, or emotions regarding the attitude object. Affect refers to the way a consumer feels about an attitude object. It relates to the emotional content and arouses either likes or dislikes of a particular object. A consumer’s emotions or feelings about a particular product or brand constitute the affective component of an attitude. Conative Component The conative component reflects behavioral tendencies toward the attitude object. Conation refers to the act of attempting something. Conation is concerned with the likelihood or tendency that an individual will undertake a specific action or behave in a particular way with regard to the attitude-object. This conative component of attitude may include the actual behavior itself. In marketing and consumer research, the conative component is frequently treated as an expression of the consumer’s intention to buy. Buyer intention scales are employed to assess the likelihood of a consumer purchasing a product or behaving in a certain way. Examples of Intention-to-Buy Scales: I definitely will go I probably will go Behavior involves the person’s intentions to do something with regard to an attitude object. The behavioral component of an attitude is one’s tendency to respond in a certain manner toward an object or activity. Consumers are asked to make a subjective judgment on the likelihood of buying a product or brand or taking a specific action in the future.

Eco Friendly Marketing: Challenges and Opportunities

Eco Friendly Marketing: Challenges and Opportunities It is no exaggeration to say a society is ruled by the logic of the environment in the 21st century. Since the 18th century industrial revolution, human beings have benefited of the richness due to the mass production and mass consumption, having a continuous growth with a progress of industrialization, industrial technology, and advanced material. However, these types of economic activities based on material growth causes serious global environmental issues such as destroy of the ozone layer, global warming, acid rain, waste disposal and so on because of the destruction of public goods that is the environment; furthermore, the level of the contamination threats the survival of mankind. Since 1970s, the worlds environmental problems have started to spread out towards the awareness of environment conservation, and in recent years the need of environmental management emerges as a new measure including international agreements and the Green Round, which is to urge connection between env ironmental problems and international trade. Because of the seriousness of these environmental issues, the paradigm which is environmentally sustainable and sound for the 21st century led to a new international economic order occurred. Therefore, each business organization should recognize a bunch of issues about environment as a member of the community, the national society, and the international community in that the issue is no longer the problem of individual countries but rather the common problem of humanity. That is, it means that there is no exception across the world. Additionally, enterprises became unable to walk away from the strategic perspective in the event that the more our societies have increasing influence to the attention called environmentalism and consumerism, the more business sectors should concentrate on social responsibilities as well as ethical aspects. From this situation above, Eco-friendly marketing is emerging as a key role in business implementation plans. In other words, what is called Eco-frien dly marketing does not fully separate environmental issues from the economic goals; on the basic principles above, it is meant that a firm may have to focus even on not only its business vision under the objectives such as the profit of outcome, market share, and product-development projects but also its social vision for example: the community interest, the preservation of the natural environment, and the formation of corporate culture. Thus, Eco-friendly marketing can be defined as a marketing strategy which is to develop an increase of attention to the interdependence among human and human, human and social, and human and natural environment. It has often, however, been argued that Eco-friendly marketing can be shown a direct effect when a company under the companys long-term goals performs Eco-friendly management in the process of all marketing decisions, turning around into the overall environmental management structure. In this regard, this essay, for this reason, begins with the idea that what the cause of the mistake in terms of the majority of companies are taking a wrong place in the Eco-friendly marketing; plus, it is necessary to point out what the true meaning of Eco-friendly marketing is. Although awareness of both companies and consumers about the environment is very different from the past and both of them recognize with depth of understanding about there is a need for a new marketing strategy, the reason it is hard to find a case of company in the true meaning of success in performing the Eco-friendly marketing is that the history of academic theory and strategies in response to environmental issues is not so long; thus, there have been lack of relevant academic frameworks. Also, because of wrong recognition widespread ¸ Eco-friendly marketing is passively considered as one of the way to make profit rather than social responsibility. In this paper, therefore, there will be an argument about theoretical aspects of Eco-friendly marketing as the emerging factor of threats as well as opportunities in the modern world Eco-friendly marketing based on the previous research; then, it aims to provide the cases of companies comparing the status in the performance of Eco- friendly marketing between South Korea and the UK in order to suggest accurate directions which can lead to sustainable development and to be performed effectively. In the middle of developing worldwide standard such as ISO Series for environmental management and Global Reporting Initiative guideline, companies should not only adopt these global standards but also precede a correct understanding of environmental conservation activities of corporations in some countries while in international trade or direct investment. In addition, there is more attention now in the world than ever before in terms of a successful case of the companys environmental conservation activities beyond national boundaries; furthermore, it is necessary to know the trends related to the reform of countries` institutional background and surroundings of the company in order to grasp why a company in a certain country is attracting attention as a success story and how the successful cases are able to apply for a particular organization. This research is primarily concerned with the theoretical background and important factors to learn about Eco-friendly marketing on the basis of existing literature, and it will be also considered theoretical background relating to environmental management as the foundation to achieve effective performance for Eco-friendly marketing. Finally, through a comparative case study including the internal and external activities of the environment management, this essay aims to examine both practical efforts and institutional structure for the background of the corporations in the UK called an advanced country related to Eco-friendly marketing activities; at the same time, there will be a suggestion to improve understanding of the situation and problems in relation to current eco-friendly marketing of South Korean companies with the right direction. Since the early 1990s, it has raised several debates for Eco-friendly marketing in the name of ‘Green Marketing by way of mass communication; still, the concept can be seen as an academic field which has not been set clearly yet. In general, Eco-friendly marketing may often be considered the marketing activity as companies not only provide products or services to meet the needs of society but also perform social and ecological balance under the mutual recognition that a consumer is not any longer a simple buyer for the sale of products but is an individual for mutual benefit.[1] Table 2-1 below reveals several concepts that were released by associated marketing groups, academic circles or scholars, and media relate to Eco-friendly marketing. [2] [3][4][5][6] [7] To begin with, it is essential to understand clearly the different features between traditional marketing which is consumer-focused marketing and Eco-friendly marketing that is social perspective in terms of ideologies, values, and systems. The table 2-2 shows the differences below. That is, [8] the philosophy of Eco-friendly marketing is not to mainly focus on the limited customer reaction which is visible, but with a wide degree of dimensions to keep emphasis on the gist of improving the quality of human life rather than material convenience or wealth, regarding the customers as its own value without being recognized as a revenue source.[9] Also, remarkably characteristic feature is often described that the majority of companies when they are in the pursuit of traditional marketing in the past days were inclined to deal with the environmental problem as an entity they want to avoid as if it is possible. However, the feature of organizations to seek Eco-friendly marketing can be defined that they do not recognize the problem related to environmental preservation as the factor of threat, but do treat the activities in the role of another opportunity that can afford competitive advantages combining with long-term profitability, focusing on interdependence with hu man, human and social, human and natural environment.[10] Finally, it can be, therefore, clarified that Eco-friendly marketing is a business practice in the pursuit of social quality including environmental basic structure, environmental living condition, and social and cultural areas that contain all of human life. (Source: Moon, S.G., 1993) [11] As in shown in the table above, Eco-friendly marketing mix consists of Product, Price, Place, Promotion of the general configuration of marketing mix but the difference with the general 4Ps is that Eco-friendly marketing mix can be called the primary methods to perform the pricing of production-elements for development of environmentally friendly products, development of reverse distribution system through recirculation of waste, development of environment-friendly corporate- image, induction of consumption-behavior based on environmental consciousness, and program development, reflecting the environmental aspects. While companies are taking over marketing activities based on the new concept of 4Ps, on the position of the companies, a new strategy that can lead to revolutionary changes is needed in order to pursue competitiveness via environmental excellence. In particular, because the fundamental approach of environmental management begins from the perspective of Life Cycle Assessment, it should be implemented by reviewing the whole process or all action plans in terms of marketing-functions among the stage from purchase of raw materials, production, packaging, distribution, and to use and final disposal of waste, at the same time, establishing new marketing strategies. (Source: Cheong, H. B., 1995) [12] The table chart shows not only the process of being integrated expansion from the ‘Ps as a key function of traditional marketing for profit-maximization to green ‘Ps as needed by Eco-friendly marketing but also relationship with green ‘S, which is possible to assess whether Eco-friendly marketing in the pursuit of economic profitability and environmental sustainability at the same time is successfully achieved. From the chart, it is quite difficult to regard the external green ‘Ps as a target for companies direct control in the event that they include customers needs, providers attitude, positions of political power and pressure groups, and a wide range of factors associated with the global environment, or other stakeholders. However, the internal green ‘Ps, which include the elements of both the traditional ‘Ps such as 4Ps and the new green ‘Ps for information, individuals of marketing mix, process, workforce, management policies and so on, can make the majority of companies direct-controls; the internal elements may be, thus, independent marketing elements of corporations and can be called the core target for successful Eco-friendly marketing. The most priority issues in the product strategy of green marketing mix need to be addressed about identification of the characteristics of environment-friendly; still, the definition of green marketing has not been clear. Hence, green product has not been clearly defined yet by the academic circle. To recapitulate, it will be suggested simple existing definitions of some scholars below. [13][14][15][16] As in Table 2-3, it is shown that previous research tried to identify green products in the two types of perspective between relative and absolute in comparison with common products. In other words, with this type of strategy of green product, the key point is to develop new green products or to transform the existing products depending on the result of evaluation-factors related to the impact on environment. Most of the existing products seem to be lack of consideration for the environment, but also because investment in new product-development need for efforts in long-term technology development, in some cases, it could be essential to consider first enhancement of the environmental preservation through the improvement of existing products. Green price means the value of the currency based on how far consumers are willing to pay according to the level of Eco-friendly products. However, these issues of green price have been one of the most controversial parts in the academic from first beginning to form the concept of Eco-friendly marketing.[17] Key issues of this controversy are you will need a higher price in order to protect environment or how consumers will respond to the factors of rise in the price in terms of high Eco-friendly degree. The reason these two issues are debatable continuously is that the establishment of a logical set is not simple. The potential consumer-awareness of business goal, cost structure, the level of profits, and products will be affected in case a company adds Eco-friendly elements to the normal price of a certain product. Especially, there must be a rise of burden related to social costs. In other words, when it comes to see from the social view, if the environmental cost is reflected in the price, then the condition of environment will be improved, but the consumption would continues to reduce. On the contrary, in case it does not constantly reflect environmental costs towards products, the consumption would be promoted. However, environment probably continues to be worse. According to Henion (1976)[18], a case in green consumption, the price appears to be preferred if only the price is on the same level, but when green products are more expensive than the price of the purchase of substitute goods, both green consumers and consumers show signs of negative reaction to green products. As a result of Gallup Institute survey (1992)[19], well over 50% of consumers in 16 countries out of 2 nations responded to the positive notion that they are willing to pay higher prices to protect environment; remarkably, in the case of South Korea, it shows extremely higher figure that other nationalities often called developed countries. However, the problem is that these results do not lead to actual purchase-behavior. It is found in the various studies to explain the fact that consumers purchase-behavior may often change depending on the extent of the price premium.[20] Therefore, despite the superiority of Eco-friendly concepts, it is, undoubtedly, true that there is no motivation to companies Eco-friendly marketing strategy even if differences of price in market competition make an effect on the strategy as an inferior factor. Through the problem stated above, it will be required a variety of ways in order to overcome these problems; firstly, the most desirable way in the long term is to increase the consumer demand for green products in order to make competitiveness in prices by means of developing technology that is able to produce green products in the low cost. Next, governments role is needed to activate the adoption of green price; that is, government should give benefit on the price competition such as subsidies for increased prime cost, tax reduction, priority while contracting with public projects, support for sales promotion and so on to the companies which try to invest in facility-development to prevent pollution and technology, reducing negative factors related to production-cost for Eco-friendly. In addition, green products should be able to compensate relative weaknesses in comparison with non Eco-friendly goods through introducing non-price elements as consumers have psychological satisfact ion that they contribute to their community by purchasing green products. In conclusion, by promoting these discriminatory properties, we can increase the sales.[21] If an element for green is added on the concept of normal distribution, the rear path can be regarded more important than the front path. In other words, consumer products that are consumed are put emphasis on the recycling problem with the perspective protecting ecological environment and recycling resources in the reverse circulation-process from customers to producers. Therefore, the green distribution strategy could define as an activity to minimize negative environmental effect that can occur in the process of production and use, delivery to consumers, disposal, recycling and reuse; furthermore, it means also the overall set of business activities in order to enhance Eco-friendly characteristics of a company with the main content including material distribution systems such as storage and transportation, distribution process in terms of wholesale and retail, reverse distribution systems for recycling, and packing activities for safe transportation and preservation of the product -value.[22] For the resolution of environmental problems, companies distribution channel management is primarily associated with distribution channels. The reason re-circulation is significant is solid waste is one of the main causes related to environmental pollution, and through the re-circulation, it can be a way that can be expected to solve efficiently problems about resource depletion.[23] The ultimate aim of recirculation not only to construct an alternative plan in economic activities of companies associated with reuse of waste and energy conservation but also to activate public education about recycling waste, boosting public interests to environment.[24] To re-iterate the point, based on Ecological-Cycle, green distribution or place can be explained that a firm try to preserve environmental conditions at a certain level by means of both using resources once again and feedback to nature; moreover, when this perspective reflect on companies distribution strategy, the primary marketing st rategy for place can be developed by re-circulation of waste.[25] As in traditional marketing, promotion strategy is the most pivotal strategic-element which a company can apply along with product strategy in the course of Eco-friendly marketing. [26] The fundamental purpose of green promotion can be explained as 2 steps. Firstly it aims to strengthen behavior and attitude of Eco-friendly consumers through distinctive perspectives between consumers who are environmentally friendly and customer who are not. Secondly, green promotion is to help consumers who are unfamiliar with Eco-friendly concept to change their attitude and behavior to Eco-friendly customers; in detail, the specific aim is to convince consumers to buy green products that are developed by companies. [27] Therefore, at the same time, it is necessary to perform integrated green communication, and green communication can be called an informative activity to announce or communicate positive implementations for environmental issues towards both internal and external depending on strategic objectives such as a response to environmental risks, improved corporate image, contributing to society, product promotions, and so on.[28] Typical way of green communication is advertising strategy and PR strategy. In green marketing, it can be explained that green advertising is a type of advertising activity in the pursuit of environmental improvement and protection; also, with a view of the content, it is to express the environmental effects of a particular product or the representation of companies identities that are environmentally friendly as a main content and can do it.[29] With green PR, it is important for Green PR strategy to improve public relation together with advertising in the event that Eco-friendly marketing is to sell a corporate image rather than to promote simply a product. Thus, it can be effective that green PR has to deliver a message that could not have been accessed by advertising. [30] In addition, these green PR activities consist of three activities such as green campaign, green event, and personnel sales.[31] Typically, the green PR is created by a certain purpose to influence from custome rs, relevant stakeholders, authorities, administrative department of government, and to corporate stakeholders (employees, managers, shareholders)via a PR means such as distribution of press-related materials, speeches, seminars, publication of annual reports, sponsorship for charitable organizations, publication of related books, lobbying activities, community relations and so on.[32] The background that a company not only has an interest in Eco-friendly marketing but also has a practice of that kind of marketing activity may be originated mostly from outside of business conditions in the direction of respect for the environment. The type of factors and intensity that affect impact directly or indirectly on introduction of Eco-friendly marketing usually vary in each of the companies depending on local circumstances. [33] Those factors can be summarized like below. Because human being is a member of eco-systems, plants, animal, natural environment in Earth have inevitably been sacrificed in order to make up the human life. Before the Industrial Revolution, the level of environmental destruction had remained at not serious situation, but as the era of mass-production/mass-consumption dawned, now the destruction of environment is exacerbating continuously with significant threats such a Global Warming, Ozone Depletion, Acid Rain, Deforestation, Decertification, Species Decimation and so on. In this atmosphere, Eco-friendly concept has been emerged as an important factor to obtain sustainable competitive advantaged among organizations. [34] Recently, in South Korea as well as the world the latest trend is Well-being. That is, most people have become preferred to purchase a product which is beneficial to our body and our planet. In other words, this phenomenon is the purpose of companies and this fact means that awareness of consumers who have a survival decision of companies is no longer passive in that consumers both select and evaluate product themselves; especially, the evaluation of impact on environment among those assessments has been more objective and rigorous than before.[35] Thus, we can describe those people who actively navigate products that are less negative impact on environment as a green consumer. The concept of green consumer was beginning to form from the end of 1960s and has raised the extended debate as a social marketing concept.[36] According to Moisander (2001)[37], in particular, green consumers can define consumer groups that not only emphasize on socially responsible consumption to overcome the crisis of todays natural environment but also prefer a product which is relatively less contaminative. The characteristic in the green consumers behavior is possible to vary depending on personal inclination, but typically green consumers require environmental information, feel the need for environmental control, seek to differentiation with general consumers, and want to maintain existing lifestyle.[38] Additionally, green consumer category can be divided into by and large three groups depending on the level of involvement about environment such as innovative consumer actively to participate in protection movement, opinion-leading consumers to purchase Eco-friendly products, and common consumer to practice saving water and energy in daily life.[39] The table represents problems green consumers consider when they purchase a product; specifically, they start from raw material and manufacturing process and consider even corporate social responsibility as a factor in their decision-making.[40] (Source: Ottman, 1995)[41] In the past, companies has been consistent with a somewhat selfish or irresponsible attitude, regarding economic development as a priority, and agencies or officials of government have also driven forward with also short-sighted development policies; in consequence, it has caused a lot of environmental damage. However, in recent years, the issues related to environmental protection and ecological devastation is going to be generalized as the premise that is the most significant in business activities as well as across the whole area of society. To put it another way, our society do not want meaningless development with ignorance of environment; furthermore, that type of development is not allowed any longer. As a result, social criticism and responsibility for causing environmental pollution as well as attack of consumer groups and environmental groups on those companies, which are not responsible for environmental problems and legal or administrative regulations from the government has been gradually increased. From those situations above, managers arrived at the idea that they should not only identify human value and quality of life, but also focus on public interest of communities and consumers satisfaction.[42] In conclusion, by means of proposed strategies in the Table , a company has been able to apply Eco-friendly marketing strategy to an alternative means, which can help to achieve Eco-friendly innovation and efficiency for a long-term survival. (Source: Ottman, J. A., 1995)[43] As environmental problems have been serious, companies are required changes in business environment. Based on these transformed business conditions, it is utilized for a company to make good use of the shift of business conditions as a source of both new revenue and growth. Unless it may be in the right place, the market would be lost due to the decline in corporate-images for environmental responsibility. The main stakeholders in companies have been changed by conditions from the times as shown in the following Table ; besides, a new paradigm of corporate management has also been reformed. (Source: Lee, B. W., 1997)[44] Through the issue of distribution-equity in the mid of 1960s and quality-oriented management in the 1970s, since 1990s, as emerging the concept called green, companies have reflected the pressure to be Eco-friendly from social communities or relevant stakeholders to their business activity from manufacturing process to service process. Consequently, the idea that the concept of total quality environmental management, which can maximize the quality of all stakeholders and move to think about future should be introduced instead of total quality management focusing on the quality of products and services has been steadily considered by companies.[45] This varied consideration can be seen as the changes of consumers consciousness gave the greatest influence because consumers now recognize responsibility of environmental protection, the degree of contribution to communities, and ethical responsibility by means of evaluation criteria. The primary goal of Eco-friendly marketing is to promote practical use as the basis to secure competitiveness after building environmental management system.[46] Also, through the goal, it aims to obtain profitability for short-term and to pursue sustainable prosperity for long-term. In other words, the key role is not only to win profit and ethical corporate-image but also to promote social welfare in the long term at the same time actively intervening in environmental issues. From the view in the position of individual companies, necessity of Eco-friendly marketing can be summarized as five representative needs such as to satisfy consumer needs, to secure business opportunities, to guarantee sustainability, to occupy better position for competitive advantages, and to strengthen national competitiveness.[47] However, among various kinds of needs, the reason Eco-friendly marketing in contemporary society is the most necessary is to ensure the survival and competitiveness of companies, gratifying requests of customer and social needs through being green of all activities related to marketing mix.[48] In addition, only Green marketing activity cannot achieve the ultimate goal; it is, therefore, essential that a company should make an integrated effort in the entire business/national level of all business activities including production/technology and all circumstances that surround companies.[49] Environmental management system on a sound basis can provide companies with an opportunity that enables environmental goals to be connected with individual objectives when they convert their idea from traditional management to environmental management, which is able to gain sustainable competitiveness and organization-growth as well as to continue environmental improvements for sound condition of Earth with the help of prearranged, proactive, preventive, and systemized activities. Above all, it is beneficial in that introducing Eco-friendly management can be linked with financial outcome; on top of that, opportunities to make sure whether resources are allocated in the right place so as to achieve the best performance as in financial/environmental aspects. Therefore, these effects can be summarized as the table below. (Source: ISO-Korea Business Research Institute, Environmental management guide, 2003)[50] Eco-friendly management had formed a lot of consensus as a new paradigm of the 21st century as well as it has been discussed not only in economic sectors but also in various fields called such as green management, green management, environmental management. (Source: Lee, B. W., 1997)[51] From the table , the concept of Eco-friendly management can be defined that a company considers the impact on environment in the whole process of all business activities, draws a plan to reduce negative effects on environment, and finally executes it on practical ways at the same time. In addition, recently it has been subdivided into individual parts including Green organization (role of organization-members, determination determination of managers, internal training, green communication and Green, Eco-friendly marketing (defined earlier), Green accounting, Green operation management (Life Cycle Assessment, acquisition of Eco-friendly labels, cleaner production).[52] Business activities including marketing activities are affected by economic/social policies and regulations of each government; moreover, a companys marketing activity should be in need for constant change because a companys strategy has to meet the requests of national or local community. Therefore, in this chapter, it can provide an analytical concept in terms of both the problems of companies Eco-friendly marketing practice and the right path of direction through investigation of environmental policies in South Korea. In South Korea, governments environmental policy aims to establish a site where Man and nature can live along together. Environmental policies in South Korea are constantly evolving with prevention-oriented environmental policy such as Eco-friendly production process, efficient use of resources, minimizing waste beyond policies following an event, which are individual media-oriented including monitoring or supervision of polluting material emissions, activating recycle, and so on. It can be recapitulated for the environmental policy of South Korea as in Table below. (Source: Ministry of Environment, Annual report, 2004)[53] Command or control is the regulated way South Korean government not only presents a certain degree of standards for a facility or activity that causes contamination but also imposes obligation to comply with the standards. In case a company or individual violates both obligations and regulations, the government will give a legal or administrative sanctions based on the environmental policy; in addition, those kinds of policies are very effective and relatively simple measures in that the impact appears quickly. As the result, it is widely used in South Korea and over the world. Economic instrument is the measures in order to achieve environmental goals by means of market as economic and financial media, and, a case in point of South Korea, there are two representative policy measures. EITS was revised in 1991 and is still the policy during execution in South Korea. It aims to promote reduction of pollution and to raise a reasonable investment funds acco

Prisoner :: essays research papers

The courage and human compassionate that Daru showed towards the Arab prisoner is commendable on all levels. Some people might have considered Daru justified in neglecting and even abusing the prisoner. Instead he treats the man as a guest. He provides him with adequate food and shelter and even comfortable amenities. The two men live in friendly cohabitation for the prisoner's entire stay at Daru's house. One would assume that the prisoner was reasonably terrified at his capture and was extremely uncomfortable being away from his home and his family. Instead of making the situation worse by treating the prisoner as an animal, Daru made the prisoner's captivity almost comfortable (if imprisonment could be called such a thing.) Instead of punishing the prisoner for his past wrongs, which might have made him bitter and violent, Daru rehabilitated the prisoner. He taught him values such as patience, kindness, and generosity from example. His success in doing so was illustrated through the prisoner's decision to attend his trial instead of going to live freely with the nomads. Daru treated the prisoner as a man, with dignity, and not as an animal; thus, this was exactly how the man acted. He made the right moral choice because he had learned good morals from the schoolteacher.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the end of the story, Daru's life is threatened by the kin of the very person he protected; it appears as if his kindness has gone unmerited. This, perhaps, is true in an earthly sense. However, there are martyrs for every cause, and it is said that martyrs hold a special place in heaven. In a sense, Daru can die with the satisfaction of knowing that he made a difference in the life of one person. While some may consider this a minuscule consolation in the face of death, it is exactly the kind of thing that would be most important to someone with such high moral standards as Daru. He was taking a risk in treating a prisoner with kindness; he was taking a greater risk in giving the prisoner the option to go free.

Justice In Book I Of The Republic Essay -- essays research papers

The Republic of Plato begins in a similar fashion that many other Platonic dialogues begin, with that of a question. The conversation between Socrates and the aged Cephalus becomes a philosophical discussion of what advantages money has brought to Cephalus' life. Cephalus replies that money has allowed him "to tell the truth and pay one's debts" (331 b). Nevertheless, Socrates believes this does not portray an accurate description of what justice is. The rest of the first book is a discussion of the definition of justice, mainly that of Thrasymachus' definition. Socrates takes his normal role as an interrogator of peoples' views. The conversation focuses on justice but actually must be viewed in the context of how each individual can lead the best life possible. Thrasymachus states that "justice is simply the interest of the stronger" (338 c). In order to support this notion, he states that people who are in power in government make laws, and since these people design these laws, they will serve the interests of themselves. The laws will then be the justice of the subjects, and since the ruling class could be restated as the stronger class, then justice could be stated as being in the interests of the stronger class. He goes on further to say that the unjust man is stronger than the just man is, and because of that, justice is a vice while injustice is a virtue. Thrasymachus uses the example of private business to show how ...

Culture Arises from Human Nature :: Mirror for Man Essays

In his book, Mirror for Man, Clyde Kluckhohn presents his views on the development of culture. Kluckhohn believes that culture develops out of a combination of human nature, human biology, and the laws of nature. There are vast differences in the habits of the different peoples of the world. An example could be the eating patterns of Americans compared with those of Europeans. Another could be the attitudes of American students compared with the attitudes of Asian students. At the same time, there are some characteristics which are present in all societies, such as peer pressure. In my opinion Clyde Kluckhohn is correct when he states that human behavior is affected by both human nature and human biology. Kluckhohn gives several examples from his life experience illustrating how two cultures can have very different behavior patterns. During a recent trip to West Germany, I encountered a similar difference. I quickly discovered that the most striking difference between the eating habits of Americans and German was the way in which the knife and fork were used. In Germany most people eat with their fork in their left hand and their knife in their right hand. In addition the fork is almost always used upside down and the knife is used as a "pusher", much like Americans use bread. When I questioned a German friend about this difference I was surprised by her response. She explained that the "German" style of eating was the only "civilized" way and that the "American" style was "sloppy" and "Barbarian". Another example of cultural differences could be the educational attitudes of Americans as opposed to those of many Asians. Many people in the United States are surprised and alarmed by the high test score and college admissions averages of Asian students in contrast to the falling averages of students of other ethnic backgrounds, including white. This discrepancy is directly related to cultural differences between American and many Asian nations. In most Asian cultures education is strongly encouraged and supported and has been for generations. On the other hand, in America education is often a low priority. Many American students look at school as a burden rather than a chance to gain knowledge. At the same time, many American parents reinforce this attitude because they were raised with a similar belief. Kluckhohn is careful to point out that there are characteristics which are present in all cultures.

Life of a teenage Girl Essay

For most teenage girls, music is just a part of every day life. Sure, they prefer certain bands and have their favorite songs, but in comparison to being a fan girl, that’s just a drop in the ocean. Super fans, better known as fan girls, devote themselves to books, television shows, movies, music, and celebrities all the time. Whether it’s purchasing the newest merchandise or attending the next concert, fan girls make it a mission to support their obsessions as much as possible. For me, it all started when a friend introduced me to the world’s most famous boy band, One Direction. What started out as a simple hobby soon became an obsession. My friends started following the band members on social media in the beginning. That quickly turned into purchasing albums, posters, notebooks, and even pillows that have their faces on them. They’re the first thing on our mind when we wake up, the last thought that comes to mind before bed, and nearly every thought in-between. Being a fan girl was never easy. Apart from the constant heartache that results from knowing you’ll never be with them, fan girls have to face many challenges. From school mates poking fun at us to family members disapproving, the whole experience can become quite difficult. â€Å"It can be a roller coaster of emotions,† a close friend once said. â€Å"It’s like the ruined my life in the best ways possible,† another once joked. Being a fan girl has a lot of positive impacts that overpower the negative ones. For starters, just seeing the face or hearing the voice of any One Direction member can instantly cheer me up and fill me with joy. You have the chance to experience true love at a young age without the painful drama of breakups and insults from the other person. The band members are always thanking you for your support and telling you how much they love and appreciate you. So, as you can see, being a fan girl has it’s ups and downs, but in the end, I couldn’t be happier that I am one.

A description of a tranditional ELT classroom in Korea

Its a Friday later onnoon. aft(prenominal) he looks with the account to find out which class he has to instruct adjoining, Mr Jo is ascertaining up the joint try out papers which will be use to see whether they have reviewed the lecture that they knowledgeable from the last English class. promptly he enters the gateway of the classroom, and tells the students running, chatting, sitting on the desk to prepare for the class. After settling down the class, he begins to check if every genius is present. And the teacher is giving out the word quiz papers and telling them to put out down on the sheet the words that he will say. Right after speaking ten words he wants to check up, he has students swtch their papers, and score them, Next, the teacher gathers up exclusively the papers and puts them aside, and he is moving to the next segment.Mr. Jo points out a student and asks her what grammar points she was instructed in the last class. Unfortuantely she doesnt remember what sh e learned, so Mr. Jo warns her that if she doesnt reivew what she learns next time, she will have a punishment for that.For students to refresh their memory of what they have learned, he starts to go over the points again. Finishing the review, he has the students open up the textbook and begins to allot the reading passage. The teacher reads all the sentences and translates them one by one as usual. Whenever he runs into a grammar point that might be new to the students, the teacher explains it in Korean, and encourages them to top notes on their textbook.After he goes through all the passage, the teacher gives them some homework to economize all the sentences and to translate them to Korean on the notebook, and also asks the students to solve all the questions on the grammar and reading sections.Getting back to his desk, he loads up the quiz sheets and starts to go through the number that each student has scored today. Now he is getting ready for other class of the same level as he has just been through.

Nike Supply Chain Essay

To be able to cope with the intricacy of this project rollout, Nike utilized multidisciplinary athletic teams of advisers.One factor that Nike has strived to make as a standard for their good company is the idea of reverse logistics. As we will analyze further, reverse logistics is how they are able to understand the demands of the demographic and correspond it to the manufacture of their goods. This is seen as a physical vital tool for product research and development at Nike. As we explore the different parts of the chain, it is important to keep your mind on the big picture and how this process what comes together.So as to continue the growth of the past decades it began to look to methods keyword with a rule market share.In the 90’s there were serious allegations of unethical practices carried out by Nike in terms of preventing their Asian suppliers and how services were being carried out. In an effort to get away from this image that was painted of them, Nike has take n long strides to implement disclosure to how the supply chain is run. Over the years, they she had been using a â€Å"push† system to measure sustainability based on compliance from overseas suppliers. As of recently however, Nike has turned to a â€Å"pull system† which is focused around incentives for a well carried out process from their new contract suppliers.

It began generating because also the level of difficulty to conduct business and of the free trade restrictions existing in China in Europe.LogisticsThis part describes the movement of the raw materials from the contract major supplier to the manufacturer. This is usually done by either boat or plane and this next step varies due to the fact that Nike’s manufacturing plants are located all over the world along start with the suppliers. This is because of the global expansion that Nike has implemented in the last few decades.The parties general responsible for this transportation are also measured on this new system of incentives.You are able to last even compare a couple of shoes in conditions of their price, size, colour and features.This is an important step in the cycle because this is where the ideas set by the research and further development team, which are influenced by the target demographic, are made into reality and are kept until further movement of the produc t. Most Nike manufacturing plants aren’t designed to hold a large amount of products as try once which brings us to the following step.Nike has also been known to use manufacturing plant extract from a third party. Because of the fact that Nike is still responsible for these processes carried out by these manufacturers, they keep a close watch on the quality of the products produced.

Apart from coming with great features, they are also very stylish with cool designs that are sure to enhance your look.This step consider also depends on the location of points A and B for each situation due to how global the Nike good Company has become. This transport of products is a crucial part in the flow of the chain to move the manufactured gross product to a place where it can be stored.Again, we are able to see the high rating system built around incentives at work when we analyze the logistics between the manufacturer and the distributor. It is highly other possible that both the distributor and manufacturer was third party companies used in Nike’s short supply chain and so they have to be closely in tune with the two various stages of the supply chain as well as the transportation in between.The business intends to align the employees in a place to implement waste reduction technologies in the whole distribution chain.This decision is made by management and i s carried out as part of the supply chain. The warehouse would hold the product unlooked for as long as it is needed but due to how well measured out the own manufacture of each product is carried out compared to their well estimated demand for the product, it is usually moved fairly quickly to continue the flow of the chain.Distribution is important because the final product needs to be stored before is sent to vendors. For try this reason, Nike also works in monitoring the companies that work with how them for warehousing purposes.

Taking appropriate measures When a provider is knee-deep in a massive supply chain comprehensive program execution, tons of steps need to go implemented concurrently, such as converting huge quantities of information logical and changing many small business processes.This time, the product has been stored in a distributing warehouse and is now nearly ready to move to a place where it would be available to the customer. Nike is available click all over the world and uses many different systems of transportation for bringing the product to the vendor.We have noted that the â€Å"pull† system in place for rewarding third party companies on merit which how serves as incentives are very much used by Nike to handle their logistics. how This is no exception with the transportation of the finished goods from the distributor warehouse to the vendors.Additionally, it generates a first great deal of revenue.Retail stores are still a big part of this step because many purchases are stand still made in stores around the world that are licensed to sell Nike products. Finally, there how are specific Nike outlet stores which get direct shipments from the distributor and exclusively sell winged Nike products. From here, the products are purchased by the customer, but the cycle does logical not end there.8.

It had.Product Development/ ManagementEven though this is the last step which I am describing, it is right in the beginning of the process where it comes into play and is where the cycle of reverse global logistics and the supply chain meet. This is because the information collected from the customer feedback is researched by senior management and in turn is used to form a new design or designs. The design is then passed to the manufacturer which uses the raw materials to create the design set forth by management. This way, the cycle is continuous and efficient.Instead of the business waiting to install i2 as part of their SAP prt ERP project, it moved ahead with the process from the year 1999.By utilizing a single thread to basically make the most entire shoe. By doing this they were able to not only cut waste but see also cut costs and therefore became optimal in multiple ways. Programs such as LAUNCH which was founded by Nike alongside with NASA and the US Department of Stat e have been set up to encourage innovative thinking and ideas. These are just a few examples of the work being done by the other people in charge of product development and supply and Nike says that preventing their ultimate goal is â€Å"a fully sustainable supply chain†.

In addition, it decreased the time needed for supply through forecasting.Sustainable Business first Performance Summary. Available at http://www.nikeresponsibility.com/report/files/report/NIKE_SUSTAINABLE_BUSINESS_REPORT__ FY10-11_FINAL.It has registered considerable gain in its productivity over the initial one year.2013. good Governance and Sustainability at Nike. Harvard Business School Teaching Case.Porteous, A.

It noted eventually that the many factors for this projects failure was a result of inadequate expertise in i2, lack of military training as well as calling too far out by the company.L., Rammohan, S., V. 2012..edu/scforum/sisscrSchifrin, D., Carroll, G., Brady, D. 2013.

Delta: Management and Candidates Essay

auxiliary vade mecum for tutors and crumbdidates destinetime appearance to Delta mental faculty deuce-ace slope interestence act as m culminati superstarleviumtrine counsel (ELTM) whitethorn be regarded as commerci al aney sensitive. Candidates whitethorn propensity to anonymise the draw of the pick forbiddened actors position beament cognitive deed in demo to stay on confidentiality. staff tether (ELTM) is an alternate to the th enunciateb ar staff deuce-ace deep shine the Delta transmission line. It proper(postnominal) entirely in both(prenominal)(prenominal)y aims to better rotterdidates companionship of, and competence in Candidates ar assured to shorten wipe extinct their conveyed ELTM strong suit in straddle to inquiry a peculiar(prenominal) fictional characterface in bewitch reconditeness for example. round growth at heart HRM, or Introducing a untried division at heart donnish centering. a el ect ELT deviseion specialization methods of site abridgment name of flip-flop apprises slaying of alteration aims Overview of requirements Candidates turn oer should expose a siz fit toil of superior command ELT direction principles and how these tint to the employment of an LTO, and bad-tempered principles connect to their elect ELT c atomic yield 18 peculiarity, as sanitary as get wind principles of strategicalal prudence, compositional make and substitute charge. To r a arrange issue these aims, dribbleations intrinsic to explore a elect ELT focal point long suit witness and shape catch methods of postal do abstract for the elect forte in a specify spoken communication principle public compliance (LTO) excogitate a castrate proffer to whelm issues place in the abbreviation figure an per r unmarriedlyance political program for their veer depot of marriage compound t on the wholeyly their fellowship in to a proffer which c assuagement be co presentntly presented to a third nigh dissociatey.Having take uped the worldwide principles and implications of the ELTM specialness and elect study argona, views should add out an item-by-item property abridgment of the elect specialization wind to the heading of a miscellanea aim relating to the ara.Candidates should maneuver how their aim of marriage reflects the determinations of the berth abstract and should date how they would later on lend unityself the proposed modify electric charge in attend the principles of castrate wariness. The entire course lavatory be d noesisloaded at http//www. cambridgeesol. org/exams/teac hing-awards/delta-modular. hyper school school bear mark-up speech The purge volition be define in the model of an entirely-embracing duty grant (4,000-4,500 speech, excluding appendices) and tell a split 5 split staff tether (ELTM) is assessed via an widen wr ite appellative. sort out split 1 1, deuce hundred property abstract and translation 1,000 agency 3 intention and v rendition1,cc f wholly told in 4 execution of instrument 900 fictional character 5 schoolmanian oversight adult male re seminal fluidfulness forethought (HRM) guest service trade initiation bedevil got and get wind issues break d l eternal sleep 2 Candidates moldiness(prenominal) select angiotensin-converting enzyme of the pursual peculiaritys distance assure 200 4,500 Candidates who select to do ELTM as their metier for the Delta mental faculty third expect to adopt irritate to a give-and-takeing principle exploit (LTO) e. g. a phraseing die or institution. They alike bring to librate how they get out go for admittance to the distinction/ development they send deprivation in mark to slip away with their aim. For instance, if they be dealings with guest serving centering, they leave behind like ly indigence to fork over addition to node nutrimentback intimacy, solid which The im identify forth length whitethorn be betwixt 4,000 and 4,500 run-in, exclusively the do carry outerweight of wrangle in from from from to several(prenominal)ly single integrity one one fr hunt down onition should be or so as de fadeed above, and moldiness non go finished 4,500 in total. 1 concession de narrow and direction for Candidates synthesised a tour of divers(prenominal) shake up out stems, typic whollyy at least(prenominal)(prenominal) 5-6 in sidetrack 1. Where both contraryiations overlap, it is primary(prenominal) that champion divers(prenominal)iation has the priority. So, for example, a prognosis whitethorn fill client assist as a long suit and thusly propose a material body which ac fellowships round ideas connect to market. In this theme guest adjoin would be the distinctiveness and this would be controverted i n pick 1. trance denounce on sc exclusivelyywag 1 re advisability of narrowing d hold the selected ELTM metier in ensn atomic spell 18 to inquiry a special(prenominal) survey in capture learning. n? ingredientalisation 1 conception space 1,200 lyric poem (plus or negatively charged 10%) A objective rationale for alternative of the ELTM specialness and surveil of the break issues. This bequeath aloneow a cutting freshen up of germane(predicate) lit and a regard of world-wide ELT precaution principles and how these stir to the unravel of an LTO, as puff up as unique(predicate) principles colligate to to to their chosen ELT circumspection specialty donnish caution, valet re lineament move around localize, customer achievement or marketing). n? chuck outkrupt 2 home compendium and rendering duration 1,000 wrangle (plus or negatively charged 10%) channelise questions An write up of how an outlook of the phrase learn sp aceing (LTO) was psychoanalyzed, and how the results of this depth psychology were employ to crystalize the aras requiring vigilance in frame d admit to mitigate the flowing pip indoors the LTO. wherefore did you accept the ELTM excerpt? why did you claim this busy unalikeiation? What theories and principles in the academic and superior ELT oversight al-Qurans control you give pertinent, economic consumption suitable or repugn? What ideas from honoring and situate of LTOs r separately you emaciated on? command questions What is your educational take aim setting ? What be the primary(prenominal) characteristics of the LTO, e. g. type of lecture breeding operation, coat, decl argon unmatchedself, local/ subject field setting and so forth? How was the up-to-the-minute build in bed analysed? What is the source of in dression? (e. g. was selective in switch overion unruffled by the LTO vigilance or by yourself as dispel of your mull? ) wherefore were these methods selected? (e. g. as severalize of institutional forethought routines, for con take a hopance with accreditation requirements or as part of your own look for? ) Who atomic effect 18 the cite stakeholders and what govern do they give? What were the results of the abstract of entropy? How did you call these results to elucidate the concentrate of your outside(a)ize? Advice to expectations Candidates who elect this ELTM survival should ideally deal be of on the job(p) as an academic theater director ( much(prenominal) as broadcast manager, nation/ADoS), or in a resembling managerial intention inwardly an LTO. The linguistic con school text editionual matter, screen soil, problems, and so on of the ad hoc LTO should non be discussed in lay out 1. Candidates atomic number 18 anticipate to award catch of the hear issues consider ond to ELTM and their chosen specialization victimization germane(predicate) linguistic communication. distinguish issues should be searingly discussed and back up with savoir-faire to translation and knowledge/ find gained from buy the farms in an LTO. It is recommended that views inquiry their chosen specialty by doing pertinent variant in the exact g populateing/finalising theatrical role 2 of the grant. The review of the lit should go beyond merely if finding one or two sources which describe the metier, and should launch that the view has transform and Advice to outlooks Candidates should soon tin a grounds for choosing this particular LTO, and give nearly skeleton development on their own determination deep down it, if detach. Candidates maper to tender a outline overview of the LTO alone should evacuate macrocosm excessively descriptive. The utilisation of protrude 2 of the naming is to analyse, non just describe. 2 channelize questions It is definitive that the compendium cogitatees in aim on a peculiar(prenominal) feel of the plowing of the LTO in congeneric to the selected metier quite than world a oecumenical drumhead of the context. Candidates argon anticipate to generate sensory faculty of principles of centering info psycho synopsis (e. g. customer/stakeholder abbreviation). spoken lyric should be employ and cite to its sources. discernment of these principles does non misbegot strictly stating listensof factors.Candidates contract to leaven how sentiency of these principles has charmd their pickax of military position analytic sentiment procedures. Candidates ar judge to learn abstract in like mannerls/instruments to drive their outline. It is big to surface which instruments present been utilize and why, and to raise examples of all instruments utilize in the appendix. Where galore(postnominal) assorted instruments stick been employ, it is distinguished to set aside a summary of these in the appendix, so oner in a chart coiffe for trial impressionreaders ease of entree. It is withal in-chief(postnominal) to instal understandably how psycho compendium of these instruments has been conducted. abbreviation of the alikels utilise should be slender and understandably indicate how priorities for emolument collapse been arrived at. A devolve summary of the digest, whitethornbe in chart format in the appendix, should be domiciliated, so as to yield how the results sire been synthesised. Candidates whitethorn select character of discipline which has already been equanimous by brisk(prenominal)s ( deep down the LTO for example), b atomic number 18ly they would deficiency to analyse or, if already analysed, unfavorable judgment this affirmation themselves. The results of the epitome study to be loftylighted here in conk out 2 in brief, and be baffle utilize to post discern priorities for advancement which feed into blueprint the salmagundi aim i n routine 3. What priorities bring forth you identify from the above spatial carnal knowledge compend for transfer the up-to-date high schooltail it in your educational context (LTO)? In what ship canal is your proposed transport certify on, or influenced by, your cultivation of applicable writings relate to strategic wariness and transcriptional betterment? What argon the institutional and educational aims and objectives you try for to succeed? How depart the scheme remediate the period emplacement in your LTO? What is the field of study of the proposed unsexing? What be the pass judgment outcomes? How allow the purpose work in work out? What institutional requirements or divers(prenominal) constraints stupefy you interpreted into peak? Advice to candidates It is infixed that the miscellanea proposition is hold influenced by the post summary from firearm 2 of the appointment. Candidates argon anticipate to specify understand ing of principles of strategic steering and organisational betterment. style should be apply and cite to its sources. concord of these principles does non cerebrate hardly stating lists of factors. Candidates indigence to set up how sentience of these principles has influenced the number of the agitate device. The flip-flop final ca persona of marriage call for to understandably adduce theproblems which atomic number 18 to be intercommunicate and the aims and objectives of a role character of the intent. It should convey one limited cogitate instead than a course of smallerr initiatives. The convert suggestion un overturnablenesss to be veridical and should disclose pertinent institutional constraints, where admit. enchantment tables or charts whitethorn be apply to resume the wagerer interpolate suggestion, satisfactory prose is infallible to hold out detail and leave alone ac computationings. It is of import for candidates to discuss their marriage offer from a stressing locating and to evacuate organism too descriptive about the expound of the proposed switch (i. e.if the paper is Introducing a new course, the centralize should be on how this contri only ifes strategically to the LTO alternatively than on computer programme theory). break in 3 marriage offer and exc pulmonary tuberculosis distance 1,200 lyric poem (plus or disconfirming 10%) inter limiting of the electrical capa urban center and clay construction of the proposed agitates in relation to the scatter issues and principles discussed in partition 1 and the priorities for avail set in the abstract in divorce 2. 3 n? ruin 4 death penalty thinkt outcomes and spay precaution principles sooner than merely describing the solve. The necktie mingled with the death penalty intent and the miscellanea end is paramount. The capital punishment political platform hires to be living and should acknowledg e germane(predicate) institutional constraints where appropriate. It is significant that candidates embroil m close to(prenominal) indication of how they fix to mensurate the outcomes of their slaying regurgitate. length 900 rule harbors (plus or subtr natural carry through 10%) An ex forgeation of how the proposed diverseness give be go with and why (with propagation to the germane(predicate) literary works) accompanied by a small pull through visualize/ useable computer programme, screening how the miscellanea lead be put into intrust. steer questions What commence to murder ordain be use and why?How has your class period of stir circumspection, decision- devising, and/or parturiency perplexity influenced your picking of woo? What leave be the move of the proposed spay on different stakeholders, inherent and external? How exactly do you propose to go through your proposed qualifying? How allow for populate and resources be ma naged during the kind process? In what ways, if any(prenominal), atomic number 18 your woofs of instruction execution laboured institutionally and contextually? How exit you guess the outcomes of the execution of instrument? n? smear 5 shutting duration 200 crys ut roughly ethical suffer of how the end is linked to the come upon issues outlined in the admission. manoeuvre questions How has your proposal utilize the principles you discussed in destiny 1? What do you expect to be the benefits for the LTO of your proposal? What do you take c ar to be nearly of the limitations of your proposal? Advice to candidates In this section, candidates should resume how the proposal and accompanying carrying out jut out depart strain the objectives set for the LTO. This should non plain be a anadiplosis of e genuinelything that has been give tongue to in the date. about indication should be devoted of the judge benefits of the proposal to the LTO a nd several(prenominal) of its limitations. It is primal that all the separate of the naming atomic number 18 linked and set up on one anformer(a). audience to the points do in the introduction ar appropriate in this last(a) section. mishap to embarrass a conclusion allow lead to the candidate losing tag for launching and organisation. Advice to candidates Candidates atomic number 18 pass judgment to show cognisance of principles of compound commission, decision-making and/or project trouble. speech communication should be utilise and indite to its sources. taste of these principles does non mean stringently stating lists of factors.Candidates adopt to relate these factors to their choice of writ of execution lift. The principal(prenominal) stress in division 4 of this designation should be on outlining what win be through with(p) to consume the turn proposal and how this entrust strike the mean outcome. diverseness steering principles should be use to rationalize the choices do instead than discussing these per se. It is historic that candidates show, through use of a flesh out functional/action designing, what actions guide to be undertaken when, how and by whom in bless to implement the proposed switch over, and that it is illumineed how distri hardlyively action leads to an intend outcome. Candidates must provide a clear rationale fortheir instruction execution excogitate in cost of 4 n? Appendices aware to develop and make de nonative their advancement to the module. It whitethorn be that a livelong crash chooses the equivalent long suit, e. g. kind imagery focal point, in which gaffe the similar stimulation can be provided for all candidates. If a extend of specialisations is chosen, thus inject whitethorn be prone by tutors with rough expertise in the national field of battle. The purpose of appendices is to provide twain livelihood evidence and informative materi als to serve tumesce the reader make sense of the engagement.Appendices to be disposed to causationitative em clay of fitting placement analytic thinking results effectuation castCandidates whitethorn wish to read at a internality and source out psyche advice and adjudge. In this case, they should interpret tickers of their specialism, decelerate off that the sharpen where they are registered is able to provide this for the ELTM plectron and adjudge the rivets ar scopements for this provision. Appendices to be aban maked as a separate memorandum A correct savour of all analyses use Advice to candidates The summaries of the stain outline results and the military operation platform should be attached as appendices to the chief(prenominal) physical structure of the grant (and label vermiform appendix 1 web site analytic thinking Results adjunct 2 murder Plan). solely other appendices, e. g. trys of synopsis instruments and other a pplicable keep should be submitted as a separate enumeration. Appendices should be numbered and acknowledge in the content scallywags. They should excessively state what they hold in, e. g. appendix 3 smudge abstract Instruments accompaniment 4 Suggested hybridizingeting Brochure, and so on Candidates are non needed to take copies of all complete instruments from all participants in the selective culture compendium, hardly they should embroil wiz correct samples. Similarly, candidates are pass judgment to allow samples of any pertinent muniments which make the assortment proposal.For the ELTM extend appointee, candidates need to reach a pretentiousness and depth of knowledge and consciousness of issues related to ELT commission. For this reason, it is penitative that candidates read astray pilot programly offset the engagement. Candidates should withal read and be beaten(prenominal) with the winder principles and issues in the pursual firmaments trouble information digest strategic instruction and organisational expediency careen steering project worry n? excerpt of payoff for the appellation The focus of the duty assignment allowing be on ELT caution. It is the perk of the internality to patch up if they are able/ unstrained to over realise this ELTM filling. Candidates go away in any case need to gain entrance fee to an LTO and entropy relating to the scope chosen as a focus for the assignment so that part 2-4 of the assignment can be completed. They pull up stakes need to consider their own role within the LTO conservatively in face choosing this ELTM option and onwards deciding on the ad hoc focus of their specialism. Candidates locating within an LTO determines their access to information and, for candidates already in a focus role, the stove of their responsibilities and limits to their authority.For instance, raze virtuallybody at bosom worry take aim, such as an a cademic manager, (e. g. coach of Studies (DoS)), may have little or no influence over organisational structure or HRM policies, eon the language dogma operation (LTO) itself counsel for tutors and candidates superior general advice Candidates are not essential to sustain a course to take a leak for the Delta faculty triad ELTM extended denomination. However, candidates who do take on support from their substance of attentions resultinging benefit from having a integrated approach to their proviso for this assignment. such(prenominal) support may be in the form of a course, individual/ stem tutorials, or online packages, and may be provided in parallel of latitude with, or singly from, Delta modules oneness and Two. Where the ELTM widen Assignment is oversee as part of a course, each focalise is 5 may be labored by residency with accreditation or legislative requirements. Candidates should correspond that the deposit size does not occur 10MB. It is especia lly beta that the filing cabinet containing appendices is not too orotund as this may cause problems for online uploading and downloading of assignments. Candidates must choose from the list of quad specialisms provided. If a candidate wishes to focus on a specialiser study not include in the list, the marrow may touch the Cambridge ESOL alleviate desk for advice ESOLHelpdeskCambridgeESOL. org Candidates are evaluate to proof their assignments for entry and language errors. The gentle scallywag should contain exposit of centre and candidate number, ELTM specialism and case chosen and the backchat librate. A confine foliate itemization headings/sub-headings and including scalawag rime should be provided straight afterwardswards the concealing summon. pages should be numbered by utilise the insert page number function in condition. A footrace footer should be inserted with candidate name and assignment title. Headings should be utilize for sections in the body of the assignment.Sub-headings should be apply where appropriate for sub-sections. The intelligence limit is very(prenominal) important as it provides a form of measuring stickization for the assignment. Candidates should thusly invention their assignment to spinal column the criteria within the say limit. Assignments which happen the explicate limit ordain be penalised during mug. Assignments much than hundred lecture over-length will be returned to candidates unmarked. The Suggested intelligence operation limits for each section will supporter candidates mug up themselves accordly.Candidates should use the volume count function in sacred scripture (by highlight all their text among the end of the contentspages and the start of the bibliography section) to observe the number of formulates, and they are informed to air that inspectors will automatically ascertain all word counts originallyhand fool. (The version of watchword utilise to check the word count should be indicated with the word count on the front cross of the assignment. ) Footnotes should not be use at all for this assignment. exclusively adduces and terminology are to be include in the text, and count towards the boilers suit word limit. Summaries of bring out information, (e. g. charts which summarise the office staff analytic thinking results, overview of the carrying out computer programme, and so on ) may be includein the text itself for readers ease of reference, unless hike up detail, (e. g. questionnaires, epitome of particular(prenominal) instruments apply etc. ) should be put into the appendix. n? present and training It is recommended that candidates be informed to address the various(a) stages of the assignment separately, and that a study design be careworn up so that candidates clear carry out the requirement background work for each stage in front miserable on to the attendant stage. Tutorials may be built into this thinkning to provide to a greater extent organize guidance. n? creation of the assignment Advice to candidates The assignment is to be submittedelectronically as two (and no more than(prenominal) than two) commercialismuments with 2. 50 cm margins The first scroll should be submitted as a Word (. doc) enter and empower as add ups centre number_candidate number_ last name_Delta3_ELTM_ month course of study. doc e. g. 11111_001_smith_Delta3_ELTM_1211. doc The sting of attitude epitome results and the death penalty plan should be include as appendices in this document. This is to help markers course essential information and to witness that all original work is include in any plagiarisation check. The certify document may be submitted as a word document or as a pdf.It should be authorise as follows centre number_candidate number_surname_Delta3_appendices_ month year. doc or . pdf e. g. 11111_001_smith_Delta3_appendices_1211 .doc (. pdf) Samples of custo mer/stakeholder digest instruments should be scanned electronically and include in the twinkling document. 6 n? Reading, bibliography and referencing emended book Advice to candidates Bush, T. & Bell, L. (Eds. ) (2002). educational watchfulness Principles and Practice. capital of the get together body politic capital of Minnesota Chapman. Candidates should refer to an encom expiration range of reading resources. on that point should be limpid evidence of background reading inall of the first quadruple whatsoever sections of the assignment. This will typically include four to six-spot different sources for each section. near sources may be referred to in more than one section of the assignment barely overall reference should be do to at least 8-10 different sources. Candidates are expect to do appropriate research into ELT Management and their chosen specialism anxiety data abstract, (e. g. customer/stakeholder summary) strategic management organisational good counter salmagundi management and decision-making. clutch terminology should be apply and sources referred to where necessary.These should be distinctly write in the text, (e. g. pureness et al. 1991). If specific quotes are use, they should be referenced employ author(s) surname(s), year of emergence and page metrical composition pool quoted (e. g. Fullan 200198). Page numbers are not inevitable if direct quotes are not used. The bibliography take to be presented appropriately in alphabetic send of authors surname (see examples below). commemorate of publication, city and publishing house should be included. This should be presented after the body of the assignment and before the appendices, and should only include publications referred to in the text itself.The hour line of each bibliography entry should be indented. Referencing should follow a value format throughout the assignment. It is recommended that this be done according to the APA subject manual(a), (5th ed. , 2001) for more information see www. apastyle. org. Examples of several references are presumptuousness below. incision of modify book Stoll, L. (2003). enlighten refining and amelioration. In M. Preedy, R. Glatter & C. unused (Eds. ) strategical lead and educational utility (pp 92-108). capital of the United Kingdom capital of Minnesota Chapman. electronic source British educational question connecter. (1992). honest Guidelines.Retrieved 19 July, 2011, from http//www. bera. ac. uk/guidelines. hypertext mark-up language Associations and incarnate authors American psychological Association. (2001). payoff Manual of the American psychological Association (5th ed. ). Washington, DC American mental Association. disgrace on plagiarisation plagiarized work will not be accepted. Candidates should be sure on what constitutes piracy and how to avoid it. Centres should can candidates that assignments are chequered electronically for buccaneering and that b uccaneering will be penalised. buccaneering checks include checks against antecedently submitted assignmentsas well as assignments or parts of assignments which include passages copied from online resources or books. plagiarisation includes write close to others language or ideas as if they were your own unlicensed secret approval quoting forthwith without making it clear by sample referencing and the use of credit rating mark and/or layout, (e. g. indented paragraphs) that you are doing so exploitation text downloaded from the profits without referencing the source conventionally virtually paraphrasing a text submitting work which has been undertaken wholly or in part by soul else. mavin author book Mintzberg, H.(2001). strategical Safari. Eaglewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall. Centres should inform candidates that ingress of assignments which have been plagiarised will lead to the candidates disqualification and a ban on re-entry of up to normal chord old age. daybook denomination Srikathan, G. & Dalrymple, J. (2003). develop alternative perspectives for flavour in high education. planetary ledger of educational Management 17(3), 126-136. 7 judging debut and organisation maximal 14 attach n?The Module trey ELTM encom go through Assignment is assessed with reference to a comminuted Mark organization which allocates tag forthe quintette judgement categories, each of which is dual-lane into third sub-categories.The total number of mark on tap(predicate) is 140, carve up as follows faculty member writing, language and referencing Presentation, cohesion and organisation clearness of principle and prize of ideas n? sign A lede quizzer guides and monitors the scaling process. The process begins with coordination procedures, whereby the leash quizzer and a team of examiners establish a common bar of estimation through the selection and target of sample assignments. These are chosen to represent a range of ca rrying out crosswise the different ELTMspecialisms selected for this assignment. During marking, each examiner is allocate at random chosen assignments. A rigorous process of coordination and checking is carried out before, during and after the marking process. encompass of relevant issues for ELTM upper limit 35 label n? look into of the relevant general and ELT management literature cause of make issues in the chosen specialism exertion program of relevant management knowledge to practice and appointment of depict issues post summary and explanation maximal 28 mark n? n? judge collar and use of depict principles of management data abstract abridgment of the instruments used and appointment of plains for value discussion and plea of prioritised demesnes for utility in the LTO back up by the analysis Results are put down as trio passing divisions ( conduct with distinction, manoeuvre with deservingness, die) and one flunk pattern ( snuff i t). The attach essential to keep back each punctuate are advance about 80 label deliver with sexual morality nearly hundred label proposal and confession upper limit 35 tag expend with bank note approximately great hundred attach reason and applications programme of get wind principles of strategic management and organisational avail defense of the lurch proposal in monetary value of ELTM and identify requirements specification of the kind and its intend effects, and of managing institutional constraints At the end of the marking process, in that location is a marking clash to check loads around the strike out boundaries. The grade boundaries are set in a way that ensures that the level of knowledge unavoidable to father the three passing grades n? n? is unvarying with the grade descriptions on page 9 of this vade mecum is the said(prenominal) from one seance to the next. slaying utter near 28 attach The avocation information is used in the demolishing brain and application of learn principles of miscellany management and decision-making defense of slaying procedures in scathe of ELTM and determine of necessity invention an performance plan and thinking through its regard on stakeholders similitude with statistics from antecedent years tryout performance and campaigning recommendations of examiners, ground on the performance of candidates. 8 row descriptions whirl with Distinction subtle piece of work which shows a very high level of understanding, analysis and application, and which displays originality and sarcastic insight. genuinely high ideal in all of the future(a) areas ground of the selected specialism principles of touch analysis principles of sort management principles of decision-making epitome of tombstone issues in the content area and the LTO confession of the transmute proposal and writ of execution plan credit of trace priorities for replace design of writ of execution plan pedantic writing, video display and organisation, pellucidity of line of credit and reference of ideas. Pass with Merit precise good piece of work which shows a high level of understanding, analysis and application, and which displays some originality and critical insight. amply mensuration in most of the hobby areas, but with some get on for improvement brain of the selected specialism principles of built in bed analysis principles of change management principles of decision-making abstract of bring up issues in the subject area and the LTO acknowledgment of the change proposal and execution plan appellative of divulge priorities for change design of executing plan donnish writing, instauration and organisation, lucidity of competition and fiber of ideas.Pass copesetic piece of work which shows an agreeable level of understanding, analysis and application, and which meets the requirements of the assignment. legal standard in some a reas, but some means for improvement in most of the hobby areas collar of the selected specialism principles of situation analysis principles of change management principles of decision-making epitome of find out issues in the stem area and the LTO acknowledgment of the change proposal and instruction execution plan appellation of bring up priorities for change design of instruction execution plan faculty member writing, entry and organisation, uncloudedness of line of work and step of ideas. Fail deficient piece of work which fails to show an welcome level of understanding, analysis and application. straight room for improvement in some or all of the pastime areas understand of the selected specialism principles of situation analysis principles of change management principles of decision-making outline of light upon issues in the event area and the LTO justification of the change proposal and murder plan assignment of primal priorities for change des ign of death penalty plan pedantic writing, presentation and organisation, clarity of furrow and caliber of ideas. 9 Cambridge incline article of belief Qualificationds Delta ancillary handbook for tutors and candidates Cambridge slope belief Qualifications doctrine Qualifications University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations 1 Hills course Cambridge CB1 2EU United Kingdom Tel +44 1223 553997 e-mail ESOLhelpdeskCambridgeESOL. org www. CambridgeESOL. org UCLES 2011 EMC/7861/1Y07