Common French Mistake Beaucoup des

Mistakes will always be made in French, and now you can learn from them. One common beginner mistake is always using beaucoup des when expressing a large quantity. Explanation of Beaucoup des VersusBeaucoup de Beaucoup des is not always wrong—just most of the time. Like other adverbs of quantity, beaucoup is nearly always followed by de, with no article:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai beaucoup de temps  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have a lot of time  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tu as beaucoup damis  Ã‚  Ã‚  You have many friends  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest un dà ©tail de peu dimportance  Ã‚  Ã‚  Its a minor detail, a detail of little importanceIn the above examples, the nouns are unspecific. They refer to time, friends, and importance in general. The only time beaucoup de and the other adverbs of quantity can be followed by a definite article is when they are referring to something specific, as in these examples:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai achetà © une chemise dont beaucoup des boutons sà ©taient dà ©tachà ©s  Ã‚  Ã‚  I bought a shirt that a lot of the buttons had come off of  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Im talking about the specific buttons on this particular shirt)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beaucoup des idà ©es de Jean-Luc sont intà ©ressantes  Ã‚  Ã‚  A lot of Jean-Luc s ideas are interesting  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Im not referring to ideas in general, but rather the specific ideas that Jean-Luc has)In most cases, if you can translate the French as a lot of the noun or a lot of ___s noun, you use the definite article. Otherwise, if you only say a lot of noun in English, just use de. (There are undoubtedly exceptions to this rule, but it should help you in most cases.)

Essay about Developing and Learning - Piagets and...

Introduction. In this assignment the writer will compare and contrast the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. To begin, the writer will discuss Piagets theory of cognitive development, followed by Vygotskys theory of cognitive development. The writer will then discuss any implications of Piagets and Vygotskys models for teaching and learning in the school years. In order to do this she will compare the two theories and look at any relevant evidence and research. After comparing both theories of cognitive development, the writer will do a brief summary of the two theories. Concluding her findings and how the two theories contrast each other. Piagets Theory. Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980) looked at how children reason and think. He†¦show more content†¦Children begin to pretend play, which is when a child acts out routines, such as eating or cleaning. Children begin to think, however thinking at this stage is still different to the way that adults think. Their thinking is not very systematic or logical (Wood, 2008 P.48). Piaget stressed that during the preoperational stage, children?s abilities are limited. One limitation is the inability to take the perspective of another individual, this is known as ?egocentrism? (Smith, Cowie, Blades 2011 P.390). A child may well presume that everyone has the same knowledge as they do without taking into consideration another person?s point of view. Throughout the concrete operational stage, which occurs between seven and twelve years of age, children begin to think logically. (Wood, 2008 P.47). Children at this stage are able to think logically about the world and gain the ability to manipulate their mental representations to think and solve problems. Children in this stage have an understanding of conservation. For example, if sand was poured from a tall thin container into a short wide container, they would understand that the quantity is the same as before. The last stage is the formal operational stage, which occurs during early adolescence. This is when cognitive development reaches its peak. According to Smith (2003), Piaget believed that individuals at this stage gain the ability to ?reason hypothetically? (Smith, Cowie, Blades, 2011 P.408). Each one of theseShow MoreRelatedPiaget And Vygotsky s Theories Essay890 Words   |  4 Pagesdistinct yet, unique theories developed by Piaget and Vygotsky. These two theories are similar in various ways but also have unlike qualities, as well. Loudin (2012) suggests that even though Piaget and Vygotsky’s understanding and teaching of their theories are similar but stresses to point out that there is a distinct quality that one cannot see and wishes to share with readers. Other articles will discuss their level of understanding of either Piaget’s or Vygotsky’s theories. This paper examinesRead MoreVygotsky And Vygotsky s Impact On The Early Childhood Sector Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will discuss Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky and their theories as well as critical points from their theories and explain how they relate back to each theory. It will discuss how both of these theories can be applied to work in relation to a role in the Early Childho od sector. It will include Dr. Rangimarie Pere’s studies in education and how they compare to those of Piaget and Vygotsky. This essay will also link the chosen theories back to Te WhÄ riki and the New Zealand early childhood curriculumRead MoreDiscuss and Evaluate Vygotskys Theory of Cognitive Development966 Words   |  4 PagesDiscuss Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development (8+16) Vygotsky proposed that children’s development is affected by their culture and social interaction. He also suggested that children are not born with knowledge but they gain it through their social interactions with peers and adults; he does not rule out the importance of biological processes but proposes an interdependent relationship between biological development alongside social activity and cultural interaction. Since language isRead MoreDiscuss Major Theories Of Human Development And Learning Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss major theories of human development and learning, including MÄ ori and Pasifika perspectives. This essay will discuss Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky and their theories as well as critical points from their theories and explain how they relate back to each theory. It will discuss how both of these theories can be applied to work in relation to a role in the Early Childhood sector. It will include Dr. Rangimarie Pere’s studies in education and how they compare to those of Piaget and Vygotsky. ThisRead MoreTheories Of Lev Vygotsky1383 Words   |  6 Pagespsychology and he emphasized that interpersonal connections and the social environment had a lot to development. He had different theories on how biosocial development is an important aspect of a child’s development. Vygotsky felt that language and play had a lot to do with childrens development because of the dialogue between those playing. Psychologist Lev Vygotsky s theory of cognitive development posits that information from the external world is transformed and internalized through language. SinceRead MoreGene ral Theorists And The General Theories Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagesgive an overview of their theories. It will discuss two critical points and explain how these points relate to the chosen theories. It will also relate to the theorists beliefs to the role as a nanny and provide examples of how the theories apply to the development of infants, toddlers, young children and their families. This essay will briefly outline the differences between the Maori theorist and compare the general theorists and include two examples of how these theories relate to Te Whariki. Read MoreVygotsky And Vygotsky s Theory Of Choice908 Words   |  4 PagesDeveloping language becomes the avenue from which children cultivate their social-emotional cognition which allows them to have an understanding of their social world and accumulate their culture (Shulman Singleton, 2010). Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are two well-known cognitive psychologist who each had theories regarding language development and cognition. Both Piaget and Vygotsky had similarities in their theories as well as differences between them. While they were both conveyed greatRead MoreCognitive Development Theory Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesA. Cognitive Development Theory In a general sense the theory of cognitive development is not just a single theory but a number of theories offered by a number of cognitive psychologists over the past century. In summary though, cognitive development is the processes by which learning is developed by the construction of thought processes, memory, solving problems, decision-making and covers the life span from childhood to adulthood, but learning does not necessarily stop with adulthood. ThisRead MorePiaget Vs Vygotsky : Piaget And Vygotsky1314 Words   |  6 PagesLev Vygotsky are often considered the most influential cognitive development and learning psychologists of the 20th century. Their research efforts have inspired numerous interpretations and spawned new outlets of approaching developmental psychology. The following paragraphs will analyze the theories of Piaget of Vygotsky and discuss how their research can be used to advance the use of cognitive development in learning, both traditional and online. Summary Jean Piaget (1896-1980) theorized that childrenRead MoreVygotsky s View On The Way Children Learn And How Information Is Delivered1509 Words   |  7 Pagesof both Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories are applied in a classroom setting. There are several elements of the lesson plan that reflect Vygotsky’s view on the way children learn and how information is delivered. Group work and the social nature of learning is one example of how Ann’s lessons are a reflection of Vygotsky’s theory. Ann’s lessons also introduce the idea of the zone of proximal development and learning from a more knowledgeable other. The scenario also reflects Piaget’s theory about

Marketing Mix and Branding Free Essays

MARKETING MIX: PRODUCT AND BRANDING STRATEGIES Abstract Brands have now transcended their general definition of just being a name or logo that differentiates them from other products in the market to a more humane and characterized version to which people can relate to and come to depend on in their everyday lives. According to Fournier brands create relationship with customers. This paper agrees with the statement in the goods only category for Coca Cola however for the service only it does not hold true in this particular case for Disney’s Pixar Animation Studio. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Mix and Branding or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lastly, it looks at the implications for managers and how they can support their brand to outshine others in the market and garner a more loyal base resulting in profits. Marketing Mix: Products and Branding Strategies The American Marketing Association defines a brand as a â€Å"name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of them intended to identify the goods and services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of other sellers†. However, in today’s competitive and consumer driven world brands are no longer simply names to identify a certain product or service they have taken the shape of a living character that has the ability to be a part of one’s self, family and everyday life (Fournier, 1998) Brand Ambassadors Brands have evolved into ‘people’ for consumers. When we talk about a brand we don’t just mean to consume a product or service. Repeated purchases and the satisfaction derived from them takes brands to a higher level. Brand loyalists expect brands to not only cater to their immediate but also psychological needs such as provide comfort, superior quality or service. There is a sense of attachment and relatedness to brands. Marketers and brand managers have started thinking of brands as not only a colorful logo or a catching tag-line and attractive packaging but also by characterizing it. Rolex has consistently presented its brand as a symbol of ‘power and success’ reinforcing it through advertising their watches through two most successful players, Tiger Woods and Roger Federer. Brand managers are looking for ‘brand ambassadors’ to carry out the personalization of brands and the benefits they have to offer to the consumer. People expect brands to deliver their expectations like from human beings and not to disappoint them. Successful brands always stay ahead and think of their consumer needs and how they can be personalized more so the brand becomes an essential part of their everyday lives. Enterprise Rent-a-Car has personalized its brand through its superior customer service. They understood their consumer’s needs for immediate and convenient service and whenever a car breaks down or is unavailable Enterprise’s name comes up the first thing in our heads. People have formed a relationship with McDonald’s Golden Arches and Ronald McDonald. Wherever they will see a familiar, smiling Ronald McDonald they’ll know the restaurant is present even if it’s in a foreign country. The New Coke vs. Coke Classic The best example of customer- brand relationship is of Coca-Cola Classic and the New Coke. Coca Cola has been in the maturity stage of the product life cycle for a long time as it continues to cater to millions of consumers worldwide across 200 countries everyday and continues to remain substantially profitable and ahead of its competitors. It has met with competition from Pepsi and other beverage makers yet it markets the top four of five beverage brands in the world. In 1985, New Coke was revealed to the consumers amid much fan fare, TV commercials and promises of ‘smoother but bolder’ taste. Though product surveys had concluded that the taste of New Coke was preferred however, the deep attachment of consumers to the original Coca Cola formula and their association with it was so strong that Coca Cola soon saw consumers protest and hoarding of the old version of product. On July, 11 the New Coca Cola was taken off shelves. â€Å"We did not understand the deep emotions of so many of our customers for Coca-Cola. † (Keough, n. d) As mentioned earlier, successful brands keep their consumers needs in view however Coca Cola made the error of not asking their loyal consumers if they even wanted to change their favorite beverage (Craig, n. ) Thus, this clearly shows that consumers form a relationship with brands and come to rely on it. They reject changes that take away that personalization aspect from the product that makes it their favorite. Even after 20 years the original Coca Cola is still the most preferred brand of millions worldwide. Disney Pixar Animation Studios With the advent of computers, animation has become an integral part of movies and they continue to entertain young and adults alike. Disney’s Pixar is a name among many which has produced outstanding movies like Wall-E, Ratatouille, Finding Nemo, etc. All these movies have fascinated viewers and pulled in billions of dollars worth of business. However, brand loyalty would not be the term for Pixar. Audiences enjoy movies that provide great entertainment and although Pixar provides excellent animates stories and characters and audiences expect them to do so yet they will basically focus more on the film rather than the movie studio producing it. Audiences are pulled in by the movie storylines, their characters and how they are portrayed. Even though big movie studios have better resources and greater distribution networks yet it does not guarantee them blockbuster movies every time. Animation studios like Pixar are in the maturity stage where other studios like Dream works SKG is also trying to make its marks and produce quality animated movies including Shrek, Kung Fu Panda and others which were also successful at the box office. Therefore what pulls in audiences is not the studio name itself rather it’s the story line and the entertainment provided by the movie. Implication for Brand Managers Fournier’s customer-brand relationship holds true for the goods only category in this paper whereas for the studio example it does not hold true. Brand management is an important aspect for any company that wishes to succeed in the consumer market. To have an effective position in the minds of the consumers and the ways to attract them and make them loyal to their particular brand is what most marketers aim to do. A foundation of brand loyalists allows the organization to charge a higher price and spend less on advertising, free trials and other promotional costs, with final result being an increase in shareholder wealth and continued profits. The key to managing brand identity is evolution, not revolution. Marketers are often tempted to radically change brands and products, which is a highly visible activity. Totally changing the brand visuals can give rise to consumer concerns about changes of ownership, or possible changes in brand values, or even unjustified extravagance (cited in Bennett Rundel-Thiele, 2005) Marketers must seek to be maximally different from competitors, and this requires more radical innovation. Brand managers must take risks. One successful launch involving a maximum difference will be very profitable and far more memorable for customers. Organizations seeking to improve brand loyalty should first identify the level at which their brand is successfully operating (functional, emotional or symbolic), and then develop marketing programs designed to resonate with the consumer at that level in a way that differentiates the brand from the competition. The ultimate goal for a brand manager would be a brand community, where consumers affiliate with other consumers around a brand (cited in Bennett Rundel-Thiele, 2005). References Bennett, R. Rundel-Thiele, S. (2005). The Brand loyalty life cycle: implications for marketers. Journal of Brand Management, 12(4), Retrieved February 17, 2010 from http://web. ebscohost. com/bsi/pdf? vid=3hid=106sid=0eca48ed-1ea6-4729-b299-80614bf5004c@sessionmgr114 Craig, S. (n. d). New coke and other marketing fiascoes. Retrieved February 17, 2010 from http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/7209828/ Fournier, S. (1998). Consumers and their brands: developing relationship theory in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, Retrieved February 17, 2010 from http://web. ebscohost. com/bsi/pdf? vid=3hid=106sid=6d4d1227-26e5-4cf7-b9c2-a8435ca06fbd@sessionmgr110 Keough, D. R. (n. d). New coke and other marketing fiascoes. Retrieved from http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/7209828/ Lake, L. (n. d. ). What is Branding and how important is it to your marketing strategy? Retrieved Fevruary 17, 2010 fromhttp://marketing. about. com/cs/brandmktg/a/whatisbranding. htm How to cite Marketing Mix and Branding, Papers

Suicide Burden on New Zealand Health - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theSuicide Burden on New Zealands Health Care System. Answer: New Zealand has an openly subsidized, all-inclusive coverage health framework with health services given by the public sector, private sector and other nongovernmental organizations (Mossialos et al. 77). The Ministry of Health (MOH) is the fundamental admonitory body to New Zealands government on health policy issues under the leadership of the minister for health who has a general responsibility regarding all the plans for health services delivery and the general health system (Mossialos et al. 54). There are other important government organizations which enhance the provision of health related services, for instance, the Ministry of M?ori Development. Besides, there are District Health Boards (DHBs) which are in charge of planning and financing health services for their specific geographical regions. They are represented by the selected and delegated individuals that are responsible to the minister for health. They are required to attempt formal vital arranging forms and, in doing as such, to collaborate with neighboring DHBs. This paper discusses the DHBs and their contribution to the healthcare system in New Zealand (Tan et al. 34). A large portion of the everyday business of the health system and around seventy-five percent of the financing is regulated by the established District Health Boards (DHBs). DHBs arrange, oversee, purchases and provide health services to the inhabitants in their area to guarantee health services are coordinated viable and productively for all of New Zealand. This incorporates financing for essential care, clinic administrations, general wellbeing services, health care services to the aging population and health care services given by other non-government health organizations including M?ori and Pacific development (Sheridan, et al. 91) According to Best et al. (47), the Public Health and Disability Act of 2000 of New Zealand provided for 21 DHBs to replace the previous 23 hospitals and health facility organizations. In 2010, the Southland and the Otago DHBs converged into the Southern DHB, therefore, leaving 20 DHBs. The DHBs cover geographically characterized populaces and are in charge of arranging and subsidizing health services for their region, including primary health care, auxiliary and tertiary social insurance, and specific health care to the aging population. However, in order to ensure smaller financing pools over numerous DHBs, and as a result of worries that subsidizing would be diverted to individual wellbeing services, subsidizing for general wellbeing services in the country remains the duty of the MOH. DHBs specifically give numerous auxiliary and tertiary health care services, for example, mental health care services (Van et al. 123). They contract arrangement for essential health care services and other group community health such as the community health care to the elderly people and the psychological wellness services to the mentally ill patients in the community (Mossialos et al. 201) DHBs are bodies set up under an Act and should execute government arrangement when coordinated by the dependable minister. DHBs are capable to the Minister of Health for setting their vital heading, for naming their CEO, and for their own execution. The DHBs are given health resources to enhance, advance and secure the strength of the populace inside their area, and to advance the freedom of individuals with incapacities. DHBs, as associations are under the leadership of the DHB Boards, of which enrollment is expected to adjust the requirement for community cooperation and partner with M?ori. DHBs are required to collaborate with connecting areas in conveying health care services, especially where there are cross-DHB outskirt issues, and where specialist services are given to the patients from a locale bigger than a solitary region. Also, four shared health service agencies perform some community-oriented work between particular DHBs rather than duplicating a few capacities inside each DHB, including funding planning, a scope of data and analysis planning, health service planning and supplier audits. DHBs are required to guarantee that their groups can take an interest in board considerations, are included in arranging, have admittance to data, are counseled on strategies, subsidizing and execution results, and have admittance to a full scope of healthcare services. DHB plans must conform to the wellbeing approaches of the legislature and wisely oversee resources claimed by the government. DHBs were at first required to create a yearly arrangement and a 510 year vital arr angement to give administrations to address the issues of their groups, yet under the Public Health and Disability Amendment Act 2010 of New Zealand, they are currently required to consider their own group as well as the best and proficient conveyance of wellbeing services keeping in mind the end goal to meet nearby, territorial, and national needs (Best et al. 143). The responsibility system is expected, specifically, to guarantee that a DHB does not unduly support its own particular facilitys services over those of other health care providers. A DHB likewise creates a business plan for the endorsement of the Ministers of Health and Finance on the off chance that it wishes to embrace capital development. To ensure effective health services to the people, financing agreements have been set to govern the coordination between the DHBs. Additionally, subsidizing assertions are likewise set up amongst DHBs and other specialist health organizations. Suppliers must be given the terms and conditions under which installments will be made. The Act requires this notification to be broadly reliable where conceivable with a specific end goal to hold exchange costs down. The Act engages the Minister of Health in coordinating DHBs; to delegate a Crown Monitor to answer to the ministry on the execution of the board and to reject board individuals and to supplant the Chair or the Deputy Chair of the board (Florentine Crane. 138) The health strategy in New Zealand sets the stage for the Government's action on the health of its citizens. It recognizes the Government's available priority health needs and plans to guarantee the provision of adequate health care by prioritizing the areas that will guarantee the most astounding advantages for the populace, concentrating specifically on handling disparities in health (Sheridan et al. 53) New Zealand's childhood suicide rate has been one of the most elevated in the nation. To reduce the incidence, therefore, New Zealands Ministry of Health formulated a preventive strategy, the Suicide Prevention Strategy of the period 2006-2016, to mobilize and reestablish the endeavors that prevent suicide and self-destructive conduct (Shahtahmasebi. 18) Suicide avoidance is unpredictable and many would accept that there is no speedy settle to this social issue in New Zealand which influences a large number of the citizens. In any case, with maintained and composed activity at many levels in the public arena, and with an assortment of methodologies, it is conceivable to accomplish noteworthy outcomes in suicide prevention. The Suicide Prevention Strategy expands on a prior national strategy of 1998, Youth suicide prevention strategy which was established to reduce youth suicide. The rate of suicide has diminished among the youths due to this earlier system and there are more community services set up to help the youth and the more extensive community to comprehend self-destructive conduct and suicide avoidance (Matsubayashi Ueda. 150) It might be that suicide has turned into a topic in the talk among the youngsters about themselves in New Zealand. Youngsters in New Zealand view suicide among their companions as considerably more typical than it is (Matsubayashi Ueda. 104), with one-fourth of a specimen of 25-year-olds trusting youth suicide was 10 times as continuous as it really seems to be, and 66% trusting that the greater part of all suicides happens in youngsters. A critical area of examination for M?ori suicide is to unravel the connection between ethnicity, financial status, and suicide, as is being done in investigations of risk factors for physical grimness and mortality. There is potential to gain from a deliberate contextual investigation of the lofty ascent in suicides among youthful Mori men, which started with regards to a social renaissance. Mori were particularly influenced as far as expanding social and financial disparities with non-Mori, including expanding unemployment contrasted with non-Mori . There is additionally potential to add much to the general comprehension of the relative parts of ethnicity, culture, financial and different variables as a hazard and defensive elements for suicide. In the same macrosocial setting, according to Yip et al. (82) report, age is by all accounts a defensive component for Mori more established than 45 years however the importance of this has not been investigated. Macrosocial and intra-assemble changes in qualities, standards, and sexual orientation and social parts have been very much depicted and have moved toward becoming some portion of the overwhelming talk about suicide among Mori, and among youthful Mori specifically. The part of maladjustment as an antecedent to suicide among Mori has gotten less consideration, to a limited extent since little is thought about the study of disease transmission of dysfunctional behavior among Mori. In any case, there are pointers that the level of mental dreariness among Mori is high. For example, illness among Mori attending hospital for in essential care uncovers that the rates of uneasiness, depressive and substance utilize clusters were all higher for Mori than for others going to other facilities (Australian 32). Though psychiatric illness is probably pertinent to suicide among Mori (Hawton et al. 167), it has been proposed that the normal Western thought of emotional sickness may not describe a sort of mental issue identified with a mix of aggregate misery, acculturative anxiety, and the intergenerational transmission of substance mishandle and useless connections to which some Mori are uncovered (Cusimano Sameem 118). All together for this hypothesis to be created in ways that can possibly prompt preventive medications, the segments of procedures, for example, acculturative anxiety should be described better so that clearer connections can be made with individual self-destructive conduct. An enhanced comprehension of the etiology of suicide among Mori will undoubtedly originate from an incorporation of causal models, with an affirmation of the significance of dysfunctional behavior and ethnic and socio-social elements. Such a model may give an enhanced concentration to suicide counteractive action among Mori. A further contemporary issue the improvement of which has been essentially determined by the media and pop culture, and to a limited extent by scholastics and approach creators, and which requests thought in any suicide avoidance endeavors is the accentuation as of late on suicide as an issue of youth (Clifford et al. 76). In 2014, the suicide rate in both males and females was higher in M?ori as compared to the non- M?ori (Larkin Beautrais 42). In M?ori, the suicide rate was 1.4 times higher in Maori males than the non-M?ori males. Suicide rates in is internationally higher for males than those for females and New Zealand is not an exception. It is therefore, important to strengthen the organizations targeting these population sub-groups to formulate appropriate suicide preventive policies, procedures, and responses that meet the diverse needs of these population groups so as to minimize the suicide cases. Moreover, there were 504 reported deaths due to suicide in New Zealand. There were more male suicide cases reported, 378 cases than the female reported cases ,126 female suicide cases (Clifford et al. 142) This shows that for each female suicide cases reported, there were 3.1 male suicides cases reported. Most men are inclined to the risk factors for the self-destructive attempt. They have a diagno sable emotional health disorder, specifically depression, medication, and alcohol reliance and anxiety and may have made a past suicide endeavor. They may have additionally been presented to psychologically devastating trauma e.g. family viciousness, sexual or physical assault, or tormenting. They may likewise have encountered a noteworthy disillusionment, or a mortifying or despicable occasion, experienced loss of a friend or family member, employment, status or relationship. In addition, they may have simple access to methods for suicide, for example, introduction to hazardous media provides details regarding suicide e.g. scope that is dull, gives 'how-to' depictions, standardizes suicide or distorts the explanations for it. The Suicide Prevention Strategy expands on a prior national strategy of 1998, Youth suicide prevention strategy which was established to reduce youth suicide. The rate of suicide has diminished among the youths due to this earlier system and there are more com munity services set up to help the youth and the more extensive community to comprehend self-destructive conduct and suicide avoidance (Cusimano Sameem 64). The suicide prevention strategy should be strengthened so as to enhance the help given to the at-risk group. An individual who is pondering suicide won't request for help, but rather that doesn't imply that they do not need help. They may feel embarrassed about how they're feeling, as they may think that nobody can help them. Individuals who feel self-destructive regularly feel like they are distant from everyone else and that their family and companions would be in an ideal situation without them (Cusimano Sameem 39). A great many people who endeavor suicide would prefer not to die they simply need their agony to end or can't see another exit from their circumstance. It can be difficult to have trust that things will show signs of improvement. Support from other people and connection with their own feeling of identity and worth can help them to discover a way to avoid committing suicide. References. Australian, R., New Zealand College of Psychiatrists Clinical Practice Guidelines Team for Depression. (2016). Australian and New Zealand clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of depression.Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. Best, A., Greenhalgh, T., Lewis, S., Saul, J. E., Carroll, S., Bitz, J. (2012). Large?system transformation in health care: a realist review.Milbank Quarterly,90(3), 421-456. Clifford, A. C., Doran, C. M., Tsey, K. (2013). A systematic review of suicide prevention interventions targeting indigenous peoples in Australia, United States, Canada and New Zealand.BMC public health,13(1), 463. Cusimano, M. D., Sameem, M. (2011). The effectiveness of middle and high school-based suicide prevention programmes for adolescents: a systematic review.Injury Prevention,17(1), 43-49. Florentine, J. B., Crane, C. (2010). Suicide prevention by limiting access to methods: a review of theory and practice.Social science medicine,70(10), 1626-1632. Hawton, K., Saunders, K. E., O'Connor, R. C. (2012). Self-harm and suicide in adolescents.The Lancet,379(9834), 2373-2382. Larkin, G. L., Beautrais, A. L. (2010). Emergency departments are underutilized sites for suicide prevention. Matsubayashi, T., Ueda, M. (2011). The effect of national suicide prevention programs on suicide rates in 21 OECD nations.Social science medicine,73(9), 1395-1400. Mossialos, E., Wenzl, M., Osborn, R., Anderson, C. (2016). 2015 International Profiles of Health Care Systems.The Commonwealth Fund. Shahtahmasebi, S. (2013). De-politicizing youth suicide prevention.Frontiers in pediatrics,1, 8. Sheridan, N. F., Kenealy, T. W., Connolly, M. J., Mahony, F., Barber, P. A., Boyd, M. A., ... Dyall, L. (2011). Health equity in the New Zealand health care system: a national survey.International Journal for Equity in Health,10(1), 45. Tan, L., Carr, J., Reidy, J. (2012). New Zealand evidence for the impact of primary healthcare investment in Capital and Coast District Health Board.The New Zealand Medical Journal (Online),125(1352). Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., Joiner Jr, E. (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide.Psychological review,117(2), 575. Yip, P. S., Caine, E., Yousuf, S., Chang, S. S., Wu, K. C. C., Chen, Y. Y. (2012). Means restriction for suicide prevention.The Lancet,379(9834), 2393-2399.

Welcome To Disneys World Essays - Kingdom Hearts Characters, Scar

Welcome to Disney's World Disneyland, Disney World, and Euro Disney sound like magical places, places that conjure up only fond memories and images of the true ?American' culture. Disney has taken this culture to all corners of the world showing the wonders of our great society, right? Disney's movies are some of the top grossing films, the toys are selling off the shelves, and if you look at bus full of preschoolers, a large number of them are bound to be wearing a piece of clothing donning a Disney character. The hand of Disney has grabbed hold of our children, but what do we really know about this stranger? Disney is a large multi-national corporation with its eye on financial success. This success drives this company to exploit the resources and people of other nations while maintaining an image that is respected within the American society. Not only does Disney exploit other cultures, it also produces films, supposedly idealizing ?American values', that consistently contain racism, sexism, homophobia, an d ethnocentrism thereby exploiting our own. Sweat-shops are not a new issue in international business. We, as North Americans, have become painfully aware of the exploitation taking place in numerous counties. However, it is more disturbing when a corporation that has established itself on its values and a commitment to children is paying twelve years old girls seven cents in developing countries an hour to make pajamas for twelve year olds in North America. The hypocrisy in this situation is painful. A company that is teaching our children values is practicing business transactions that are immoral and unethical. Corporate Watch revealed on their website that in Thailand, Disney contractor The Eden Group, fired 1,145 of their own workers in order to take advantage of lower cost subcontractors, 10 of which were found to employ child labor. It was also shown that Disney is supporting the Burmese military dictatorship as it attempts to protect a factory, of which 45% is owned by the state, that produces its clothing. These types of business activites are not uncommon. However the public has become skeptical of most multi-nationals, but not of the American sweetheart, Disney. The business activities are certainly a major concern, but the message within the Disney productions perhaps has a larger consequence in our society. What is Disney really telling our children? Disney's films repeatedly reinforce the oppressive status-quo by placing the hero or heroine in the upper class of the society by constantly casting the roles the heroes with predominately Anglo-Saxon American type voices. The villains, therefore, must be of a different ethnicity. Recently the Arab anti-defamation league filed suit against Disney on grounds that the Arab representation in the films are always villainous, negative, or absurd. What kind of associations will children make when they are constantly exposed to stories placing white, upper-class Americans against the uneducated, power-hungry, impoverished minority? Disney also has the habit maintaining the patriarchal ideologies in our society. In almost every film, the female heroine must ultimately be rescued or reunited with her ? prince charming'. The women must be beautiful and desired by men. After experiencing a feminist revolution and a constant struggle to achieve sexual equality, should Americans still allow their children to fall victim to these images of the old sexist and patriarchal ways? To further explain the implicit messages within Disney's films, one may look at the blockbuster hit, "The Lion King." This movie exemplifies the ?values' supported by Disney. First, the establishment of the status-quo is evident in the opening scene with the song "The Circle of Life" where the animals all accept the hierarchy of their society and understand that they are to be ruled by the lions. These lions are seem to represent the upper-class of American society as the voices given to these characters are overwhelmingly white "American" voices. The only exception is the voice of King Mufasa who is played by James Earl Jones. However, Jones has overcome racial boundaries as he is readily associated with CNN and other non-racial voice-overs. The servants to the lions have various accents such as the monkey played by a British actor, Rowan Atkinson. If the rulers are clearly portrayed as white, upper-class, Americans, the lower-class villains must be

Roman Govt essays

Roman Govt essays The Romans have had almost every type of government there is. They've had a kingdom, a republic, a dictatorship, and an empire. Their democracy would be the basis for most modern democracies. The people have always been involved with and loved their government, no matter what kind it was. They loved being involved in the government, and making decisions concerning everyone. In general, the Romans were very power-hungry. This might be explained by the myth that they are descended from Romulus, who's father was Mars, the god of war. Their government loving tendencies have caused many, many civil wars. After type of government, the change has been made with a civil war. There have also been many civil wars between rulers. But it all boils down to wanting to be involved in government. When the Greeks finally entered Troy after ten long years of siege, a man named Aeneas escaped the city with his father, Anchises, and his son, Ascanius. They went to Mt. Ida, where they were to meet Aeneas' wife, Creusa, but she never showed up. Saddened, Aeneas acquired a boat and sailed around the Mediterranean. He bounced around from Asia Minor to Greece to Crete looking for a place to found a new Troy, but he couldn't find a satisfactory place. As told by Homer in the Aeneid, Aeneas was cared for by the gods. Venus, in particular, was very worried about him. She asked Jupiter, king of the gods about him, and he said this: "Since you are so consumed with anxiety for Aeneas, I shall turn forward far The hidden pages of fate and speak of the future. He shall conduct a great campaign for you. And conquer all Italy and its haughty peoples. He shall impose laws on his own people. And build walled cities for them; the third summer Shall see him rule in Latium, the third winter Of warfare see the Rutulians [an Italian tribe] subdued. But his son Ascanius... It is he who shall consolidate your power-For thirty years with all their turning months; Then...

Political issues Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Political issues - Research Paper Example On the other hand, the UK has its monarch acting as the head of state; however, supreme authority is not vested unto the monarch because there is a separate head of the government elected by the people who exercise political powers. Just like in the US, these leaders espouse a set of laws found in the constitution (Storey, 87). This paper discusses the different between government systems of the US and the UK, as well as other countries referring to three articles. 1. Szilagyi, Ilona Maria. "Presidential versus parliamentary systems." AARMS Vol. 8, No. 2 (2009): 307–314. Notably, the founding fathers who wrote the US constitution had the British political system to draw on; however, they avoided any form of concentrated power that resembled the monarchy because it is one of the chief things that they rebelled against. Nonetheless, there are a few similarities between the two political systems. Both the British and the US forms of government have a head of state, upper and lowe r house, and a court system. The two have constitutions that depict the rules for government as well as the rights their people have. Both political systems are democratic in nature; there are firm checks and balances in place to inhibit the power of any one branch. Both governments can be put in place and can be removed from power depending on the will of the people. The president in the US political system is the legitimate head of state elected as part of the Electoral College (Watts, 312). United Kingdom have the King or Queen as the legitimate head of state while the prime minister handles political matters and is the legitimate head of government. Officially, UK’s head of state signs off any act of parliament and delivers the Speech from the throne written by the prime minister. In most modern governments, the monarch plays the part of a ceremonial figurehead thus it is atypical for members of the royal family to directly get in the way of the country’s political process. The upper house in the US is the Senate while the UK has the House of Lords. Each state under the US system of governance, despite the size, has two senate members. Before, the governor of the state used to appoint senators but these days they get to be elected by the people to serve 6-year terms. The House of Lords is quite different. They are not elected by the people. In addition, the House of Lords appoint 792 members basing on inheritance, or their title in the Church of England (Harris, 231). They are never elected and cannot be removed from office by popular vote. Nonetheless, they serve the same purpose as the US senate (Szilagyi, 310). They debate, discuss and vote on legislation passed by the lower house in the legislative branch. The British House of Commons and the US House of Representative draw on a lot of similarities. Each house comprises representative elected by the people. Control of the lower house is given to the party that carries the most number of s eats. Under the UK system of governance, the party with majority members produces the prime minister who is then the party leader becomes the Speaker of the House. Elections are also different in the two forms of government. The prime minister under the parliamentary system can go to the crown and ask to dissolve the parliament at any given point. Thereafter, an election would follow. An election would also be eminent if the Prime Minster lost the confidence of the house. 2. Mcquire,

Analyze a Piece of Music from a Concert Hall Essay

Analyze a Piece of Music from a Concert Hall - Essay Example Several times through the rendition observed the major key D exudes positivity and the desire to simply lean back and enjoy is overwhelming. There is a full orchestra accompanying the verbal portion of this particular piece which is reminiscent of the full sound that can be seen in Claude Debussy’s La Mer. While relaxing La Mer had more significant changes in its harmonic rhythm than did Ave Verum Corpes. There was no unresolved dissonance within the recitation itself. As I believe Leonard Bernstein is one of the pre-eminent conductors of our time a small amount of bias may in fact exist from my viewpoint. This rendition was completed and recorded in 1990 and is grainy yet beautiful. Ave Verum Corpes was composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and reflects his rendition of the Eucharist hymn with the same title; this hymn dates from the 14th century and is frequently used during the Benediction of Blessed Sacrament. This particular hymn is attributed originally to Pope Innocent VI dating approximately 1362. In 1791 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote his rendition for a friend Anton Stoll and it was used to celebrate the feast of Corpus Christi. (Ave Verum Corpus 1) With a small 46 bars of music this particular piece serves to introduce transition and end the piece. ... When he was born in 1756 his given name was, Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart. He personally preferred Wolfgang Amede Mozart to the given name and the name he is known by today. The middle name spelled in that manner reflected his appreciation of French culture and language. Mozart never attended a formal educational facility to advance his abilities. (Mozarts life 1) When I listen to the piece I feel as though the very sky is around me, I feel relaxed, and as if I am floating on the clouds. I am also immediately transported to the past and religious services attended. I see robes, crosses, sunlight and clouds. This is a piece that is easy to enjoy and I am no exception to those who enjoy it. It is short, however, even in its relative shortness it is complete and lends itself to the easy listening sometimes required to relax. I enjoyed this piece simply because it allowed me to feel as though I was in another place if only for a few short minutes. By closing oneâ₠¬â„¢s eyes the full quality and beauty of the piece is made readily apparent. With the vibrant crescendo of sound from the full accompaniment in the background it is easy to find myself slipping from the now into the warmth and comfort provided by my imagination. Additional repetitions listening to the piece from a variety of composers lends credence to the idea that a well written musical number is hard to play or perform poorly. One of the more easily enjoyed renditions was the poorly recorded rendition performed by Diana-Marina Fisher in 2008. This particular rendition brought forth a variety of tonal qualities and did nothing to hinder personal enjoyment, in fact

Depression - Family and Community Experience Assignment

Depression - Family and Community Experience - Assignment Example The results are severe for patients below six years as opposed to the other category. Studies on the expressed emotions shows that families of patients suffering from chronic depression are easily predicted by higher levels of Expressed Emotions. Patients suffering from disorders associated with mood record a poor outcome from medical experts. Other studies indicated that spouses found it hard to share with the public about their spouses and this leads to reduced marital activities with the patient. In the long run, it happens that the patient feels unattended to and this further complicates his situation. This however results when the spouse to the patient feels embarrassed about the patient’s condition. Impacts of chronic illness and depression sharply differ from one society to another and from one country to another. Despite the variations, what is common is that the situation bears with it serious cost implications. A patient suffering from depression is considered a wast e to an economy in terms of productivity, this by it self is a form of a negative cost. Attempts in curative or reduction are yet other cost. In most set ups, human life is taken to be paramount and the responsibility is not left to the family alone but to the entire society. In some cases there is inability to persevere in a marriage where the patient is either a wife or husband. It makes the spouse to have mentality of trying to get their way out. This is attributed to effect in the sexual behavior and performance which is not at par or anyway near the satisfaction level achieved before. In chronic situations, it leads to dysfunctioning of the whole act as earlier stipulated as lack of interest or mood. In the recent past, it has been noted with keen interest that patients suffering from chronic depression pose a great burden o the family members and those destined to take care of them. What this implies is that the care givers have to reduce the time the have to undertake in doin g their personal activities such as leisure and other social activities after their relative has been diagnosed with depression. The family will tend to be more worried about the future with increased symptoms, effects and consequences. The effects are more staunch in families with poor base are compared to their rich counterparts. The community as whole participates in the sense that support can easily be mobilized from the social networks. The support can either be financial or just moral. Handling of depressed patients has effects as well. Parents of children with depression are reported to have a higher likelihood of contacting or suffering from psychological disorders such as the same mental depression. Thus children require more attention compared to adults. Therefore the risks in handling children is much greater compared to adults Educational support has been advanced on that note that is found capable of assisting relatives in provision of care to patients suffering from ch ronic depression. Although sources indicate that the much that has been advanced is too little and a further research is recommended. Such education is technically referred to as psycho education and it was purposely developed to assist in mitigation of the enormous difficulties and challenges encountered by

Design And Modeling Of Axial Micro Gas Turbine Engineering Essay

Design And Modeling Of Axial Micro Gas Turbine Engineering Essay ABSTRACT Micro turbines are becoming widely used for combined power generation and heat applications. Their size varies from small scale units like models crafts to heavy supply like power supply to hundreds of households. Micro turbines have many advantages over piston generators such as low emissions less moving parts, accepts commercial fuels. Gas turbine cycle and operation of micro Turbine was studied and reported . different parts of turbine is designed with the help of CATIA(Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Analysis) software .The turbine is of Axial input and axial output type. Key words : Gas turbine , CATIA , Rapid Prototype , parts of turbine , nozzle , rotor Chapter 1 LITERATURE REVIEW Development of Micro turbine: A turbine can be used as a refrigerant machine was first introduced by Lord Rayleigh. In a letter June 1898 to Nature, he suggested the use of turbine instead of a piston expander for air liquefaction because of practical difficulties caused in the low temperature reciprocating machines. He emphasized the most important function of and cryogenic expander, which is to production of the cold, rather than the power produced. In 1898 The British engineer Edgar C Thrupp patented a simple liquefying system using an expansion turbine. Thrupps expander was a double flow machine entering the center and dividing into two oppositely flowing streams. A refrigerative expansion turbine with a tangential inward flow pattern was patented by the Americans Charles F and Orrin J Crommett in 1914. Gas was to be admitted to the turbine wheel by a pair of nozzles, but it was specified that any desired numbers of nozzle could be used. The turbine blades were curved to present slightly concave faces to the jet from the nozzle. These blades were comparatively short, not exceeding very close to the rotor hub. In 1922, the American engineer and teacher Harvey N Davis had patented an expansion turbine of unusual thermodynamic concept. This turbine was intended to have several nozzle blocks each receiving a stream of gas from different temperature level of high pressure side of the main heat exchanger of a liquefaction apparatus. First successful commercial turbine developed in Germany which usea an axial flow single stage impulse machine. Later in the year 1936 it was replaced by an inward radial flow turbine based on a patent by an Italian inventor, Guido Zerkowitz. Work on the small gas bearing turbo expander commenced in the early fifties by Sixsmith at Reading University on a machine for a small air liquefaction plant. In 1958, the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority developed a radial inward flow turbine for a nitrogen production plant. During 1958 to 1961 Stratos Division of Fairchild Aircraft Co. built blower loaded turbo expanders, mostly for air separation service. Voth et. developed a high speed turbine expander as a part of a cold moderator refrigerator for the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). The first commercial turbine using helium was operated in 1964 in a refrigerator that produced 73 W at 3 K for the Rutherford helium bubble chamber. A high speed turbo alternator was developed by General Electric Company, New York in 1968, which ran on a practical gas bearing system capable of operating at cryogenic temperature with low loss. Design of turboexpander for cryogenic applicationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- by Subrata Kr. Ghosh , N. Seshaiah, R. K. Sahoo, S. K. Sarangi focuses on design and development of turbo expander.The paper briefly discuses the design methodology and the fabrication drawings for the whole system, which includes the turbine wheel, nozzle, diffuser, shaft, brake compressor, two types of bearing, and appropriate housing. With this method, it is possible to design a turbo expander for any other fluid since the fluid properties are properly taken care of in the relevant equations of the design procedure. Yang et. al developed a two stage miniature expansion turbine made for an 1.5 L/hr helium liquefier at the Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The turbines rotated at more than 500,000 rpm. The design of a small, high speed turbo expander was taken up by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) USA. The first expander operated at 600,000 rpm in externally pressurized gas bearings. The turbo expander developed by Kate et. Al was with variable flow capacity mechanism (an adjustable turbine), which had the capacity of controlling the refrigerating power by using the variable nozzle vane height. India has been lagging behind the rest of the world in this field of research and development. Still, significant progress has been made during the past two decades. In CMERI Durgapur, Jadeja developed an inward flow radial turbine supported on gas bearings for cryogenic plants. The device gave stable rotation at about 40,000 rpm. The programme was, however, discontinued before any significant progress could be achieved. Another programme at IIT Kharagpur developed a turbo expander unit by using aerostatic thrust and journal bearings which had a working speed up to 80,000 rpm. Recently Cryogenic Technology Division, BARC developed Helium refrigerator capable of producing 1 kW at 20K temperature. Solid Modeling using CAD software CAD software, also referred to as Computer Aided Design software and in the past as computer aided drafting software, refers to software programs that assist engineers and designers in a wide variety of industries to design and manufacture physical products. It started with the mathematician Euclid of Alexandria, who, in his 350 B.C. treatise on mathematics The Elements expounded many of the postulates and axioms that are the foundations of the Euclidian geometry upon which todays CAD software systems are built. More than 2,300 years after Euclid, the first true CAD software, a very innovative system (although of course primitive compared to todays CAD software) called Sketchpad was developed by Ivan Sutherland as part of his PhD thesis at MIT in the early 1960s. First-generation CAD software systems were typically 2D drafting applications developed by a manufacturers internal IT group (often collaborating with university researchers) and primarily intended to automate repetitive drafting chores. Dr. Hanratty co-designed one such CAD system, named DAC (Design Automated by Computer) at General Motors Research Laboratories in the mid 1960s. In 1965, Charles Langs team including Donald Welbourn and A.R.Forrest, at Cambridge Universitys Computing Laboratory began serious research into 3D modeling CAD software. The commercial benefits of Cambridge Universitys 3D CAD software research did not begin to appear until the 1970 however, elsewhere in mid 1960s Europe, French researchers were doing pioneering work into complex 3D curve and surface geometry computation. Citroens de Casteljau made fundamental strides in computing complex 3D curve geometry and Bezier (at Renault) published his breakthrough research, incorporating some of de Casteljaus algorithms, in the late 1960s. The work of both de Casteljau and Bezier continues to be one of the foundations of 3D CAD software to the present time. Both MIT (S.A.Coons in 1967) and Cambridge University (A.R.Forrest, one of Charles Langs team, in 1968) were also very active in furthering research into the implementation of complex 3D curve and surface modeling in CAD software. CAD software started its migration out of research and into commercial use in the 1970s. Just as in the late 1960s most CAD software continued to be developed by internal groups at large automotive and aerospace manufacturers, often working in conjunction with university research groups. Throughout the decade automotive manufacturers such as: Ford (PDGS), General Motors (CADANCE), Mercedes-Benz (SYRCO), Nissan (CAD-I released in 1977) and Toyota (TINCA released in 1973 by Hiromi Arakis team, CADETT in 1979 also by Hiromi Araki) and aerospace manufacturers such as: Lockheed (CADAM), McDonnell-Douglas (CADD) and Northrop (NCAD, which is still in limited use today), all had large internal CAD software development groups working on proprietary programs. In 1975 the French aerospace company, Avions Marcel Dassault, purchased a source-code license of CADAM from Lockheed and in 1977 began developing a 3D CAD software program named CATIA (Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Application) which survives to this day as the most commercially successful CAD software program in current use. After that many research work has been done in the field of 3-D modeling using CAD software and many software have been developed. Time to time these software have been modified to make them more user friendly. Different 3-D modeling software used now-a-days are AUTODESK INVENTOR, CATIA, PRO-E etc. History of rapid prototyping Rapid prototyping is a revolutionary and powerful technology with wide range of applications. The process of prototyping involves quick building up of a prototype or working model for the purpose of testing the various design features, ideas, concepts, functionality, output and performance. The user is able to give immediate feedback regarding the prototype and its performance. Rapid prototyping is essential part of the process of system designing and it is believed to be quite beneficial as far as reduction of project cost and risk are concerned. The first rapid prototyping techniques became accessible in the later eighties and they were used for production of prototype and model parts. The history of rapid prototyping can be traced to the late sixties, when an engineering professor, Herbert Voelcker, questioned himself about the possibilities of doing interesting things with the computer controlled and automatic machine tools. These machine tools had just started to appear on the factory floors then. Voelcker was trying to find a way in which the automated machine tools could be programmed by using the output of a design program of a computer. In seventies Voelcker developed the basic tools of mathematics that clearly described the three dimensional aspects and resulted in the earliest theories of algorithmic and mathematical theories for solid modeling. These theories form the basis of modern computer programs that are used for designing almost all things mechanical, ranging from the smallest toy car to the tallest skyscraper. Voleckers theories changed the designing methods in the seventies, but, the old methods for designing were still very much in use. The old method involved either a machinist or machine tool controlled by a computer. The metal hunk was cut away and the needed part remained as per requirements. However, in 1987, Carl Deckard, a researcher form the University of Texas, came up with a good revolutionary idea. He pioneered the layer based manufacturing, wherein he thought of building up the model layer by layer. He printed 3D models by utilizing laser light for fusing metal powder in solid prototypes, single layer at a time. Deckard developed this idea into a technique called Selective Laser Sintering. The results of this technique were extremely promising. The history of rapid prototyping is quite new and recent. However, as this technique of rapid prototyping has such wide ranging scope and applications with amazing results, it has grown by leaps and bounds. Voelckers and Deckards stunning findings, innovations and researches have given extreme impetus to this significant new industry known as rapid prototyping or free form fabrication. It has revolutionized the designing and manufacturing processes. Though, there are many references of people pioneering the rapid prototyping technology, the industry gives recognition to Charles Hull for the patent of Apparatus for Production of 3D Objects by Stereo lithography. Charles Hull is recognized by the industry as the father of rapid prototyping. Today, the computer engineer has to simply sketch the ideas on the computer screen with the help of a design program that is computer aided. Computer aided designing allows to make modification as required and you can create a physical prototype that is a precise and proper 3D object. Chapter 2 CATIA(Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Analysis) Introduction to CATIA CATIA is a robust application that enables you to create rich and complex designs. The goals of the CATIA course are to teach you how to build parts and assemblies in CATIA, and how to make simple drawings of those parts and assemblies. This course focuses on the fundamental skills and concepts that enable you to create a solid foundation for your designs What is CATIA . CATIA is mechanical design software. It is a feature-based, parametric solid modeling design tool that takes advantage of the easy-to-learn Windows graphical user interface. You can create fully associative 3-D solid models with or without constraints while utilizing automatic or user-defined relations to capture design intent. To further clarify this definition, the italic terms above will be further defined: Feature-based Like an assembly is made up of a number of individual parts, a CATIA document is made up of individual elements. These elements are called features. When creating a document, you can add features such as pads, pockets, holes, ribs, fillets, chamfers, and drafts. As the features are created, they are applied directly to the work piece. Features can be classified as sketched-based or dress-up: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sketched-based features are based on a 2D sketch. Generally, the sketch is transformed into a 3D solid by extruding, rotating, sweeping, or lofting. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dress-up features are features that are created directly on the solid model. Fillets and chamfers are examples of this type of feature. Parametric The dimensions and relations used to create a feature are stored in the model. This enables you to capture design intent, and to easily make changes to the model through these parameters. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Driving dimensions are the dimensions used when creating a feature. They include the dimensions associated with the sketch geometry, as well as those associated with the feature itself. Consider, for example, a cylindrical pad. The diameter of the pad is controlled by the diameter of the sketched circle, and the height of the pad is controlled by the depth to which the circle is extruded. Relations include information such as parallelism, tangency, and concentricity. This type of information is typically communicated on drawings using feature control symbols. By capturing this information in the sketch, CATIA enables you to fully capture your design intent up front. Solid Modeling:- A solid model is the most complete type of geometric model used in CAD systems. It contains all the wireframe and surface geometry necessary to fully describe the edges and faces of the model. In addition to geometric information, solid models also convey their topology, which relates the geometry together. For example, topology might include identifying which faces (surfaces) meet at which edges (curves). This intelligence makes adding features easier. For example, if a model requires a fillet, you simply select an edge and specify a radius to create it. Fully Associative:- A CATIA model is fully associative with the drawings and parts or assemblies that reference it. Changes to the model are automatically reflected in the associated drawings, parts, and/or assemblies. Likewise, changes in the context of the drawing or assembly are reflected back in the model. Constraints:- Geometric constraints (such as parallel, perpendicular, horizontal, vertical, concentric, and coincident) establish relationships between features in your model by fixing their positions with respect to one another. In addition, equations can be used to establish mathematical relationships between parameters. By using constraints and equations, you can guarantee that design concepts such as through holes and equal radii are captured and maintained. CATIA User Interface :Below is the layout of the elements of the standard CATIA application. A. Menu Commands B. Specification Tree C. Window of Active document D. Filename and extension of current document E. Icons to maximize/minimize and close window F. Icon of the active workbench G. Toolbars specific to the active workbench H. Standard toolbar I. Compass J. Geometry areaC:Documents and SettingsSatiraDesktopwindow.JPG C The parts of the major assembly is treated as individual geometric model , which is modeled individually in separate file .All the parts are previously planned generated feature by feature to construct full model Generally all CAD models are generated in the same passion given bellow : : Enter CAD environment by clicking, later into part designing mode to construct model. : Select plane as basic reference. : Enter sketcher mode. In sketcher mode: : Tool used to create 2-d basic structure of part using line, circle etc : Tool used for editing of created geometry termed as operation : Tool used for Dimensioning, referencing. This helps creating parametric relation. : Its external feature to view geometry in out : Tool used to exit sketcher mode after creating geometry. Sketch Based Feature : Pad : On exit of sketcher mode the feature is to be padded .( adding material ) Pocket: On creation of basic structure further pocket has to be created (removing material ) Revolve: Around axis the material is revolved, the structure should has same profile around axis. Rib: sweeping uniform profile along trajectory (adding material) Slot: sweeping uniform profile along trajectory (removing material) Loft: Sweeping non-uniform/uniform profile on different plane along linear/non-linear trajectory : Its 3d creation of features creates chamfer, radius, draft, shell, th à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ : Its tool used to move geometry, mirror, pattern, scaling in 3d environment On creation of individual parts in separate files, Assembly environment: In assembly environment the parts are recalled constrained.. Product structure tool: To recall existing components already modeled. : Assembling respective parts by mean of constraints Update: updating the made constrains. Additional features are: Exploded View, snap shots, clash analyzing numbering, bill of material. etc Finally creating draft for individual parts assembly with possible details The parts of the major assembly is treated as individual geometric model , which is modeled individually in separate file .All the parts are previously planned generated feature by feature to construct full model Generally all CAD models are generated in the same passion given bellow : : Enter CAD environment by clicking, later into part designing mode to construct model. : Select plane as basic reference. : Enter sketcher mode. In sketcher mode: : Tool used to create 2-d basic structure of part using line, circle etc : Tool used for editing of created geometry termed as operation : Tool used for Dimensioning, referencing. This helps creating parametric relation. : Its external feature to view geometry in out : Tool used to exit sketcher mode after creating geometry. Sketch Based Feature : Pad: On exit of sketcher mode the feature is to be padded. (Adding material) Pocket: On creation of basic structure further pocket has to be created (removing material) Revolve: Around axis the material is revolved, the structure should have same profile around axis. Rib: sweeping uniform profile along trajectory (adding material) Slot: sweeping uniform profile along trajectory (removing material) Loft: Sweeping non-uniform/uniform profile on different plane along linear/non-linear trajectory : Its 3d creation of features creates chamfer, radius, draft, shell, threadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ : Its tool used to move geometry, mirror, pattern, scaling in 3d environment Chapter 3 GAS TURBINE Gas Turbine A gas turbine is a rotating engine that extracts energy from a flow of combustion gases that result from the ignition of compressed air and a fuel (either a gas or liquid, most commonly natural gas). It has an upstream compressor module coupled to a downstream turbine module, and a combustion chamber(s) module (with igniter[s]) in between. Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where air is mixed with fuel and ignited. Combustion increases the temperature, velocity, and volume of the gas flow. This is directed through a nozzle over the turbines blades, spinning the turbine and powering the compressor Energy is extracted in the form of shaft power, compressed air, and thrust, in any combination, and used to power aircraft, trains, ships, generators, and even tanks. Chronology Of Gas turbine Development : Types of Gas Turbine There are different types of gas turbines. Some of them are named below: 1. Aero derivatives and jet engines 2. Amateur gas turbines 3. Industrial gas turbines for electrical generation 4. Radial gas turbines 5. Scale jet engines 6. Micro turbines The main focus of this paper is the design aspects of micro turbine. Applications Of Gas turbine : Jet Engines Mechanical Drives Power automobiles, Trains,tanks In Vehicles(Concept car, racing car, buses, motorcycles) Gas Turbine Cycle The simplest gas turbine follows the Brayton cycle .Closed cycle (i.e., the working fluid is not released to the atmosphere), air is compressed isentropically, combustion occurs at constant pressure, and expansion over the turbine occurs isentropically back to the starting pressure. As with all heat engine cycles, higher combustion temperature (the common industry reference is turbine inlet temperature) means greater efficiency. The limiting factor is the ability of the steel, ceramic, or other materials that make up the engine to withstand heat and pressure. Considerable design/manufacturing engineering goes into keeping the turbine parts cool. Most turbines also try to recover exhaust heat, which otherwise is wasted energy. Recuperators are heat exchangers that pass exhaust heat to the compressed air, prior to combustion. Combined-cycle designs pass waste heat to steam turbine systems, and combined heat and power (i.e., cogeneration) uses waste heat for hot water production. Mechan ically, gas turbines can be considerably less complex than internal combustion piston engines. Simple turbines might have one moving part: the shaft/compressor/ turbine/alternator-rotor assembly, not counting the fuel system. More sophisticated turbines may have multiple shafts (spools), hundreds of turbine blades, movable stator blades, and a vast system of complex piping, combustors, and heat exchangers. The largest gas turbines operate at 3000 (50 hertz [Hz], European and Asian power supply) or 3600 (60 Hz, U.S. power supply) RPM to match the AC power grid. They require their own building and several more to house support and auxiliary equipment, such as cooling towers. Smaller turbines, with fewer compressor/turbine stages, spin faster. Jet engines operate around 10,000 RPM and micro turbines around 100,000 RPM. Thrust bearings and journal bearings are a critical part of the design. Traditionally, they have been hydrodynamic oil bearings or oil cooled ball bearings. Advantages of Gas Turbine 1. Very high power-to-weight ratio, compared to reciprocating engines. 2. Smaller than most reciprocating engines of the same power rating. 3. Moves in one direction only, with far less vibration than a reciprocating engine. 4. Fewer moving parts than reciprocating engines. 5. Low operating pressures. 6. High operation speeds. 7. Low lubricating oil cost and consumption Chapter 4 MICRO TURBINE Micro turbine Micro turbines are small combustion turbines which are having output ranging from 20 kW to 500 kW. The Evolution is from automotive and truck turbochargers, auxiliary power units (APUs) for airplanes, and small jet engines. Micro turbines are a relatively new distributed generation technology which is used for stationary energy generation applications. Normally they are combustion turbine that produces both heat and electricity on a relatively small scale. A micro (gas) turbine engine consists of a radial inflow turbine, a combustor and a centrifugal compressor. It is used for outputting power as well as for rotating the compressor. Micro turbines are becoming widespread for distributed power and co-generation (Combined heat and power) applications. They are one of the most promising technologies for powering hybrid electric vehicles. They range from hand held units producing less than a kilowatt, to commercial sized systems that produce tens or hundreds of kilowatts. Part of their s uccess is due to advances in electronics, which allows unattended operation and interfacing with the commercial power grid. Electronic power switching technology eliminates the need for the generator to be synchronized with the power grid. This allows the generator to be integrated with the turbine shaft, and to double as the starter motor. They accept most commercial fuels, such as gasoline, natural gas, propane, diesel, and kerosene as well as renewable fuels such as E85, biodiesel and biogas. Types of Micro turbine Micro turbines are classified by the physical arrangement of the component parts:1. Single shaft or two-shaft, 2. Simple cycle, or recuperated, 3. Inter-cooled, and reheat. The machines generally rotate over 50,000 rpm. The bearing selection-oil or air-is dependent on usage. A single shaft micro turbine with high rotating speeds of 90,000 to 120,000 revolutions per minute is the more common design, as it is simpler and less expensive to build. Conversely, the split shaft is necessary for machine drive applications, which does not require an inverter to change the frequency of the AC power. Basic Parts of Micro turbine Compressor 2. Turbine 3. Recuperator 4. Combustor 5. Controller 6. Generator 7. Bearing Advantages Micro turbine systems have many advantages over reciprocating engine generators, such as higher power density (with respect to footprint and weight), extremely low emissions and few, or just one, moving part. Those designed with foil bearings and air-cooling operate without oil, coolants or other hazardous materials. Micro turbines also have the advantage of having the majority of their waste heat contained in their relatively high temperature exhaust, whereas the waste heat of reciprocating engines is split between its exhaust and cooling system. However, reciprocating engine generators are quicker to respond to changes in output power requirement and are usually slightly more efficient, although the efficiency of micro turbines is increasing. Micro turbines also lose more efficiency at low power levels than reciprocating engines. Micro turbines offer several potential advantages compared to other technologies for small-scale power generation, including: a small number of moving par ts, compact size, lightweight, greater efficiency, lower emissions, lower electricity costs, and opportunities to utilize waste fuels. Waste heat recovery can also be used with these systems to achieve efficiencies greater than 80%. Because of their small size, relatively low capital costs, expected low operations and maintenance costs, and automatic electronic control, micro turbines are expected to capture a significant share of the distributed generation market. In addition, micro turbines offer an efficient and clean solution to direct mechanical drive markets such as compression and air conditioning. Thermodynamic Heat Cycle In principle, micro turbines and larger gas turbines operate on the same thermodynamic heat cycle, the Brayton cycle. Atmospheric air is compressed, heated at constant pressure, and then expanded, with the excess power produced by the turbine consumed by the compressor used to generate electricity. The power produced by an expansion turbine and consumed by a compressor is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas passing through those devices. Higher expander inlet temperature and pressure ratios result in higher efficiency and specific power. Higher pressure ratios increase efficiency and specific power until an optimum pressure ratio is achieved, beyond which efficiency and specific power decrease. The optimum pressure ratio is considerably lower when a recuperator is used. Consequently, for good power and efficiency, it is advantageous to operate the expansion turbine at the highest practical inlet temperature consistent with economic turbine blade materials and to opera te the compressor with inlet air at the lowest temperature possible. The general trend in gas turbine advancement has been toward a combination of higher temperatures and pressures. However, inlet temperatures are generally limited to 1750 °F or below to enable the use of relatively inexpensive materials for the turbine wheel and recuperator. 4:1 is the optimum pressure ration for best efficiency in recuperated turbines. Applications Micro turbines are used in distributed power and combined heat and power applications. With recent advances in electronic, micro- processor based, control systems these units can interface with the commercial power grid and can operate unattended. Power Range for diff. Applications . Chapter 5 DIFFERENT PARTS AND THEIR DESIGNING OF MICRO TURBINE ROTOR The rotor is mounted vertically. The rotor consists of the shaft with a collar integrally machined on it to provide thrust bearing surfaces, the turbine wheel and the brake compressor mounted on opposite ends. The impellers are mounted at the extreme ends of the shaft while the bearings are in the middle. NOZZLE The nozzles expand the inlet gas isentropically to high velocity and direct the flow on to the wheel at the correct angle to ensue smooth, impact free incidence on the wheel blades. A set of static nozzles must be provided around the turbine wheel to generate the required inlet velocity and swirl. The flow is subsonic, the absolute Mach number being around 0.95. Filippi has derived the effect of nozzle geometry on stage efficiency by a comparative discussion of three nozzle styles: fixed nozzles, adjustable nozzles with a centre pivot and adjustable nozzles with a trailing edge pivot. At design point operation, fixed nozzles yield the best overall efficiency. Nozzles should be located at the optimal radial location from the wheel to minimize vaneless space loss and the effect of nozzle wakes on impeller performance. Fixed nozzle shapes can be optimized by rounding the noses of nozzle vanes and are directionally oriented for minimal incidence angle loss. The throat of the nozzle has a n important influence on turbine performance and must be sized to pass t

Gonorrhea Essay -- STD Sexually Transmitted Disease

Approximately 1 million new cases of this disease are reported each year in the United States, and public health experts estimate that an additional million or more gonorrhea infections go unreported each year. Although these numbers seem very large, the disease occurs less frequently now than it did in the early 1980s. The rate of infection among young unmarried people between the ages of 15 and 24, however it remains very high. Study results released in 1988 by the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute for Health Policy estimate that $ 1 billion is now being spent each year in the United States for the diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhea. Gonorrhea is caused by bacteria. It is almost always spread through sexual activity involving direct contact with mucous membranes. It is readily transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse. The cervix, the urinary tract, the mouth, and the rectum provide ideal points of entry for the disease. In woman, the most common site of infection is the cervix . In men , it is the uretha . The infection can be spread from a man’s penis to the throat of his sex partner , it is much less likely that a man will contract or spread the disease by performing oral sex on a female partner . This disease can also be passed from a mother to her baby during childbirth The greatest danger for the newborn is blindness , but this can be prevented by placing a few drops of sil...

The building of Greek State after the 1821 revolution

March 25, 1821, was the day of the Annunciation of the Theotokos of the Greek Orthodox. It was also the day of Greek rebellion and declaration of independence which was actually achieved in 1829. This paper examines the events, some issues, and prominent figures who contributed in building the Greek State which started in 1821. The influences of the Great Powers (Great Britain, France and Russia) The Greeks were suppressed and controlled by Turks under Ottoman Empire resulting to the death of 25,000 Greeks on the island of Chios and 15,000 Greeks and 40,000 Turks in the Peloponessos.The Greeks started to revolt in 1821. The Philiki Etairian leaders wanted to foster consciousness and resistance against the oppression of the Turks. Its leadership was first offered to Ioannis Kapodistrias of Corfu, who refused to accept due to misguided venture and a wrong timing, but it was accepted by Alexander Ipsiladis, a Phanariot, in 1820. Kapodistrias was assassinated after a few years. The Great Powers (France, Russia, and Great Britain) ruled Greece with the leadership of King Ludwig I of Bavaria who imposed monarchy but he was eventually voted out by the Greek Parliament.George I of Denmark took over after Ludwig I. Before 1824 has ended, the Peloponnese, including 2000 Egyptian army lead by Papaflesas was invaded by Sultan Mahmoud II and Ibrahim with 6000 Turks. They attacked and killed around 600 Greeks in Maniaki on the 20th day of May 1825. The Great Powers, favored the Greeks, initiated direct military intervention in July 1827, and mediated the quarrel between the Turks and the Greeks. Russia maintained the significance of Orthodox Christianity while France showed strong sympathy towards the Greek volunteers.The Orthodox Church was the basis of people’s cultural and economic life and it also hindered the stated from rapid change towards development since its ideas and teachings were opposed to those of the western nations. The Allied forces proposed an armis tice in order to conclude the battle. Greece accepted it but Turkey refused to reconcile. As a result, the Allied fleet was set to sail off the west coast of the Peloponnese through Navarino on October 20, 1827 under Admiral Codrington to support Greece.The Ottoman fleet fought against the Allied forces but it failed. In September 1829, Demetrios Ypsilanti, the brother of Alexander Ypsilanti, defeated the Turkish force in the border between Thebes and Livadia. This was the last engagement of the Turks and the time when Greek independence was achieved through the attainment of Peace of Adrianople between Russia and Turkey. People who contributed in the success of Greek revolution The attainment of freedom in Greece was realized due to the contribution of prominent figures that fought for freedom.Five among them were: (1) Theodoros Kolokotronis (1770 – 1834), a local hero, who lead in defeating Mahmud Dramali's army in 1822 of the Ottoman Empire as well the siege of Tripolis, w hich eventually surrendered and it marked the success of the Greek revolution for the first time; (2) Georgios Karaiskakis (1782 – 1827) was a military genius appointed as chief marshal of Eastern Greece and the first one to take part in the Greek revolution whose two victories at Arachova and Distomo made him famous; (3) Constantinos Kanaris (1793 – 1877) from Psara was successful in destroying Turkish fleets at Chios, Tenedos, Mytilene, Samos, and Alexandrian port to prevent Mehmet Ali's war preparations, for example; (4) Gregorios Dikaios (1788 – 1825), also named Papaflesas, was born at Messinia and became a monk in his teens. He was forced by the Turks to leave Greece due to his revolutionary character so he reached Constantinople and joined â€Å"Filiki Etairia†.Ypsilantis ordered him to return to Peloponnesos where he and started recruiting people for the revolution. He courageously fought against Ibrahim with 6000 Turks on 20 May 1825 until he die d; and (5) Nikitaras, head of the pallikars band, had successfully fought Kiaya Bey at Kaki Scala in March and April 1822 at Ayia Marina under Odysseus rule and was given a nickname of Tourkophagos when he killed 3,000 Turks in the battle. The diaspora and the building of the new State The Ottoman Empire had paralyzed the Greeks who had not undergone Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment which resulted to slow progress and development of the lies of people in rural communities.The proponents of modernization brought western culture and parliamentary government, bureaucracy, and educational institutions to keep the nation in tact but its counterparts wanted to maintain their relationship with the motherland, which hindered modernization. The number of Greek migrants has increased with their aspirations for economic freedom and improvement. Romanticism became apparent through Lord Byron who supported the Greek revolutionaries and died in 1824. In 1828, Greece embraced a republic an constitution and the Turkish troops who occupied Acropolis left when the Allied Forces turned Greece into a monarchial democratic State in which the government’s political and judicial affairs are ruled of a Royal leader.They were interested in sovereign, the head of the State with the will of the people through election as the only source of the head’s power. The Greeks, including the ethnic group were able to expand its boundaries and conquered European territories. Many of them succeed, became leaders, and gained support from other nations. This diaspora has led to the building of the modern Greek State in 1830. The new State: Identities, political issues, and other problems Greeks who were living outside their motherland hoped for an independent State similar to the European model with a centralized constitution, army and navy, and diplomatic representatives. It was only realized under the leadership of King Otho of Bavaria.In 1831, the Allied Powers conducted a conference in London regarding the establishment of the new State and issued a protocol on February 23, 1832. One significant problem of the new State was that it is filled with Russian leaders. Otho was only seventeen years old when he was offered for the throne, but it was in 1833 when he arrived at Nauplia. However, it was not extremely disadvantageous they aimed to support the building the Greek State. Alexander Mavrokordatos was a National Assembly civilian leader who supporting the mission of Orlandos and Louriottis. He became a Secretary-General of the Executive Council (1823), Greece Prime Minister (1831, 1841, 1844, 1854-5), and a President of the legislative Senate. In 1835, King Otho ruled Athens.He neglected the promised National Assembly as the basis of the Constitution despite the earnest advice of Lord Palmerston and Sir Robert Peel. As a consequence, German influence developed a feeling of discontent and led to another revolt in 1841. On 15th September 1843, the peo ple dismissed Otho due to his failure in creating a constitutional regime. Finally, Greece attained freedom from foreign domination. Its liberation brought economic and intellectual progress. For instance, the University of Athens was established in 1837, which served as the center for propagation and preservation of Hellenic culture as well as in producing competitive professions.While others were not open to transformation and new opportunities, many Greeks accepted modernization, created a Western-liberal identity, entered the commercial world, and explored the ideas of the Enlightenment and Reason. The triple alliance supported the revolution and the upbringing of the new state but it faced many challenges such as: Greek’s debt incurred during the war; the oppressive taxation that resulted to brigandage; the free press and rights to express opinion; and the disputes between the members of Council of Regency. In spite of the difficulties, the Allied Powers remained morally responsible in building the State. Synthesis Greece was under the control of the Turks during the Ottoman Empire.Greece started the revolution in 1821 and its initiative to promote peace won the sympathy of the Allied Forces that helped won the battle in 1829. The building of the newly freed State in the early 1830s, however, was ruled mostly by Russian nationals. The Allied Forces encountered oppositions and obstacles in addition to public contempt of its oppressive and unfavorable political system. It was early in 1840s that Greece was totally liberated from foreign control. It was the diaspora, which started before the revolution and continued until 1830s that led to the transformation of the Greek state. It was the time when many Greek who crossed borders became successful in their life in the West.They were recognized by other European nations because of their exceptional talents, knowledge, skills ad the ability to succeed outside their native land. Indeed, education has brou ght light and true freedom to the Greek community. Bibliography 2005. â€Å"Greece,† Architectural Science Review 8(4). Crawley, C. W. The Question of Greek Independence: A Study of British Policy in the Near East, 1821-1833. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1930. Forster, Edward S. A Short History of Modern Greece, 1821-1956. London: Methuen, 1958. Glencross, Michael, â€Å"Greece Restored: Greece and the Greek War of Independence in French Romantic Historiography 1821-1830.† Journal of European Studies 27(1) (1997). Kaloudis, George, 2006. â€Å"Greeks of the Diaspora: Modernizers or an Obstacle to Progress?. † International Journal on World Peace 23(2). Kolokotronis, Theodoros. Encyclop? dia Britannica. (2007) Encyclop? dia Britannica Online, http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9045950. Nostos, â€Å"Greek Revolution 1821 – 1829. † nostos. com (2005), http://www. nostos. com/greekrev/ Schofield, Philip, and Jonathan Harris, eds . Legislator of the World: Writings on Codification, Law, and Education. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1998. Van Steen, Gonda, 2000. Venom in Verse: Aristophanes in Modern Greece. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

A Review of Dover AFB C

A Review of Dover AFB C Abstract On the 3rd of April, 2006, a C-5 aircraft crashed at Dover Air Force Base in Delaware. Poor decision-making was the main cause of the expensive, but unfortunate, accident. The essay reviewed the chain of events that led to the mishap and measures that the pilot could have taken to prevent it.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on A Review of Dover AFB C-B Crash 2006 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The essay used information from reports of survivors and investigators. The author provided a short summary of landing basics that the pilots ignored, leading to the mishap. The essay addressed the application of KISS, which stands for Keep it Simple Stupid. It also addressed the issue of how an alternative thinking process could have averted the crashing of a multi-million dollar jet. The Occurrence The C-5B Galaxy crashed and disintegrated into three pieces at around 6:42 in the morning. The crash occurred in a grassy area adjacent to the Air Force Base. In fact, the crash site was near the edge of the facility’s fence (Federal Information News Dispatch, 2006a). The Air Force categorizes the land as proprietary to the base. As such, the crash took place within the property of Air Force. The land was acquired by the government a number of years ago for specific purposes. For example, the land is used by authorities to monitor activities taking place in the surrounding airspace. It was also meant to shield the civilian population from rare and unlikely mishaps like this crash. To this end, it is important to note that if Air Force had not acquired this piece of land, the crash would have taken place on civilian property. The arising damages can only be imagined. The jet that crashed was used for transport by Air Force. It had taken off from the base at about 6:21 a.m. Its destination was Ramstein Air Base in Germany. The jet was carrying merchandise destined for troops participati ng in the worldwide war on terror (Federal Information News Dispatch, 2006b). As such, it can be argued that the crash occurred when the crew was participating in the fight against global terrorism. Given the conditions under which the jet was operating, the crew should have declared an emergency. To this end, members of the crew should have scrutinized their operations to ensure the jet was still under control. In addition, they should have evaluated the origin of the emergency. They should also have processed their jet checklists and settled for an appropriate location to securely land the jet to avoid risks and loss of lives. Finally, they should have informed everybody in the jet and on the ground about the measures they were taking to control the situation. A number of parties responded to the accident immediately after the crash. They include the Air Force personnel and neighboring fast response teams. The latter was composed of health experts, firefighters, members of the de fense forces, and civil engineers. All of the parties were interested in rescuing survivors and helping in any way they could.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dover AFB C-B Crash 2006: A Review of Possible Errors Made A plane crash can be attributed to a number of errors. The errors can either be human or mechanical. A crash can also be brought about by unfavorable weather conditions, such as storms. A crash can also be brought about by a combination of a number of errors. The errors responsible for the crash can only be determined after extensive investigations into the occurrence. That is the reason why commissions are formed to investigate any crash. The findings made in such investigations go a long way in averting future crashes. An investigation into the AFB CB crash 2006 made findings regarding the errors responsible for the occurrence. According to the finding s, human error was liable for the crash of the C-5 jet at Dover Air Force base. The military official inspectors reported that the cockpit crew committed three serious errors. The errors, which later led to the crash, were committed before the crew declared an emergency soon after takeoff. The crash occurred on the 3rd of April, 2006 (Pilot error blamed for USAF Galaxy crash, 2006). According to the report made by the investigators, there was apparent and persuasive proof that the crew attempted to restart an engine they had already shut down. At the same time, the crew was not using a fully equipped engine that was available to them. In addition, the crew made use of flap settings, a decision that led to too much haul for the jet. It was also found that C-5 crew settled for the wrong strategy to deal with the conditions they were experiencing. Investigations also revealed that the crew manning the jet received a false alarm to the effect that they had not shut down the power revers er on one of the engines. As a result, the crew shut down the engine and attempted to fly back to the base. The jet stalled roughly a mile from the landing strip. After stalling, it hit a telephone pole before crashing into open grassland. The impact of the crash made the jet split into three. At the time of the crash, 17 people were on board. Lucky enough, all the seventeen people in the jet survived. The jet was under the control of two pilots. The two were captains Brian LaFreda and Harland Nelson (Pilot error blamed for USAF Galaxy crash, 2006). A third one, Robert Moorman, was seated at the back of the jet (Rolfsen, 2006). In addition to the three, there were two expert jet engineers. Between them, the three jet pilots had more than ten thousand hours of flying time in a C-5 jet. What this means is that they were experienced professionals. The same applied to the two jet engineers in the crew. The jet was owned by the 436th Airlift Wing. The wing is the dynamic duty department at Dover. However, the jet was under the command of a different department. It was under the control of the 512th Airlift Wing. The wing is a reserve section at Dover. It was revealed that the crew lacked situational ‘smugness’ and alertness.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on A Review of Dover AFB C-B Crash 2006 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To compound their initial mistakes, the crew applied a complete flap strategy. Utilizing flap settings of 62 or 40 percent, rather than 100 percent, would have been very helpful. Such a strategy would have decreased the haul on the jet, which weighed 730000 pounds. The jet was 100000 pounds heavier than its ordinary landing weight. The surveyors reported that a 40 percent flap would have saved the situation. The flap would have increased the airspeed by roughly 20 knots or 166 knots on last approach (Rolfsen, 2006). As already indicated above, the crew fai led to utilize engine number 3 and placed the flaps wrongly. In addition, the crew incorrectly attempted to adopt a visual strategy to access the airstrip. Using the strategy, they took the C-5 jet below the standard flying path for a tool approach or the standard visual air travel altitude. Finally, the inspectors discovered that Captain LaFreda did not give a full approach notice to the ground crew. Had he briefed them, the situation may have been a lot different. For example, the crew would probably have raised queries that could have prevented the accident. A number of simulation tests were conducted during the investigations. The tests showed that the crew could have averted the crash with the same flap positioning and approach they had applied. A crash would have been averted if the crew had started engine number 3 about 300 feet above the ground. Even if the crew had at their disposal only two functioning engines, a crisis may have been averted. For example, the simulation te sts showed that a decreased flap setting would have led to a safe landing. The crew could also have achieved a safe landing with just two functioning engines and at complete flaps. They would have achieved this by applying a tool landing strategy on a different airstrip (Rolfsen, 2006). A Review of AFB-CB Crash 2006 from a KISS Perspective KISS is an ellipsis for Keep it Simple Stupid (Siegler, 2009). It is a design principle established by the U.S. forces in 1960 (Siegler, 2009). The principle states that the functioning of nearly all systems can be maximized if the designers ‘keep them’ uncomplicated. Intricate and complex designs make it hard for users to utilize equipment. That is why designers should try as much as possible to avoid intricate models. Consequently, simplicity should be the ultimate goal in design. To this end, engineers should desist from embracing pointless intricacies. The KISS strategy is often associated with software and mechanical engineering. Nevertheless, the strategy can also be applied in most areas of human endeavor.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A story is told of Kelly Johnson giving a group of engineers few tools to work with. The story best exemplifies the principle of Keep it Simple, Stupid. Johnson is well known for engineering jets for the American military as an independent outworker. He is regarded as one of the exceptional engineers due to the realistic nature of the strategies he used to solve the various problems he encountered. His attitude reflects the opinions and belief systems of other great philosophers in the past. For example, he has been likened to such prominent figures as Leonardo da Vinci and Henry David Thoreau (Siegler, 2009). Experts frequently quote the KISS principle in their works. For example, the principle is especially utilized when technological improvements and upgrades are carried out. In addition, the strategy is used in addressing the various problems brought about by increasing population growth in contemporary world. Johnson challenges contemporary engineers to fix a problem in a jet a ircraft they are designing using a standard mechanic approach. In the story cited above, he challenged his engineers to fix a problem encountered in war using the few tools he gave them. According to Siegler (2009), Johnson uses the term stupid to refer to the link between the way things break down and the complex nature of conventional ideas available to repair them. In the jet crash case referred to in this paper, the accident could have been averted if the crew had applied the KISS principle. The crew should have taken the time to completely close down the power reverser on one of the engines. The crew should have settled for the right strategy to address the problems raised by the conditions they were exposed to. In addition, the crew should have flown the jet without engaging other units. That way, the crash could have been averted. They should not have complicated the issue by exchanging their problems with reserve crews (C-5 crash blamed on human error, 2006). If they had kep t their responses ‘simple’, may be the jet could not have crashed. The complex nature of their responses may have played a part in the crash. According to Siegler (2009), the principle emphasizes on the application of the least number of tools to address a given problem. The small number of tools enhances efficiency in a given situation. For instance, utilizing the flap settings of sixty-two or forty percent, rather than hundred percent, would have decreased the haul on the seven hundred and thirty thousand pound jet. As indicated earlier in this paper, a forty percent flap would have increased the airspeed by roughly twenty knots or one hundred and sixty six knots on last approach (Federal Information News Dispatch, 2006a). The KISS principle insists that individuals should adopt the correct approach in addressing a problem. For instance, the crew did not utilize engine number 3, which could have proved to be the right approach to the problem. Instead, not only did th ey fail to power the engine, but they also placed the flaps wrongly. The crew also adopted the wrong visual strategy to return to the airstrip. The crew dropped the jet below the standard fly path for a tool approach. In addition, they dropped below the standard visual air travel altitude. The jet crew could have averted all these problems by applying the KISS principle. Furthermore, Captain LaFreda failed to provide the ground crew with a full approach notice. Such a notice would have averted the crisis given that his actions would have been questioned by the crew. KISS principle focuses on the application of the ‘simplest of tools’ and the ‘easiest of techniques’ (Siegler, 2009). As indicated above, the principle is applicable to the crash case analyzed in this paper. The simulator tests conducted during the investigation showed that the KISS principle would have worked wonders even under the challenging situations the crew was exposed to. For example, th e realization that the same flap positioning and approach adopted by the crew could have led to a safe landing points to the fact that application of KISS principles would have saved the situation. If the crew had adopted the KISS strategy, they could have switched on engine 3 at three hundred feet above the ground. Likewise, the application of KISS principles would have helped the crew to adopt a decreased flap setting with only two functioning engines. In addition, the crew could have applied a tool landing strategy to a different airstrip. Over Thinking and the Crash Over thinking is actually detrimental to people’s performance. It appears that under some circumstances, paying full attention and trying very hard can really hinder performance. The reason is that individuals must access their working reminiscences to effectively carry out a particular task. Today, scientists believe that there are two forms of long-term reminiscences. The first is implicit reminiscing, which does not require ‘mindful thoughts’ (Siegler, 2009). It is expressed by means instead of words. There is also explicit reminiscing, which is created consciously by the individual. It can also be describe in words. Experts consider these two different areas of functioning to be both habitual and mind-based. The inspectors report indicated that the crew attempted to start an engine they had shut down. They seemed to forget that there was fully equipped engine that was lying idle. The error, coupled with others that were revealed during investigations, makes it apparent that the crew was desperate. They were doing anything they could think of to avert the accident. Consequently, they ended up thinking in their own way, committing a number of errors in the process. Investigations also revealed that the crew did not think the signal could have been false. It never occurred to them that one of the systems may have malfunctioned and given them the wrong signal. They acted on this false alarm by shutting down the engine and attempting to go back to the base. The crew should have taken the time to think whether the signal was right or not. They could have landed the jet immediately to avert any accident. Instead, it appears that they panicked and failed to think straight. The crew decided to use a different strategy to solve the issues that arose prior to the crash. For example, they thought that by applying a higher percentage flap, they would have increased the speed of the jet, averting an accident. It is clear that they deviated from the standard rules and formulated their own approaches to address the problem. It is this misdirected and misinformed ‘creativity’ on the part of the crew that led to the accident. The crew should have adhered to the normal percentage of flaps. The investigations also revealed that the crew decided to formulate their own ways of utilizing engine number 3. The placing of flaps, which was wrong, was also their own way of responding to the crisis. Their strategies were ineffective in addressing the situation. They should have adopted the right strategy. If the crew acted calmly and responded to the crisis with a clear mind, perhaps the accident could not have occurred. It appears that, just like the rest of the crew, Captain LaFreda was over- thinking. For example, the investigations revealed that he thought of trying his own ways to avert the accident. He was over-thinking and forgot to communicate with the emergency crew on the ground. The conclusion is based on the findings made by the investigators to the effect that Captain LaFreda did not give a full approach notice to the crew. He came up with his own strategies, which he thought will avert the crisis. Instead of averting the problem, his ‘creativity’ led to an accident. In addition to Captain LaFreda, other members of the crew came up with their own strategies to address the problem. The common denominator in the strat egies adopted by the crew was that they were panicky responses to a crisis. For instance, the crew decided against revving up engine number 3 three hundred feet above the ground. They came up with their own ineffective strategies to address the situation. Conclusion Investigations carried out to determine what caused Dover AFB C-5 crash that took place in 2006 pointed out that human error was to blame. The crew made a number of tactical errors that led to the crash. The pilot adopted the wrong strategy in addressing the problem. Over-thinking was one of the factors that led to the human errors responsible for the crash. Adoption of the KISS strategies could have averted the accident. References C-5 crash blamed on human error. (2006). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/docview/232714113?accountid=27203 Federal Information News Dispatch. (2006a). C-5 accident investigation board complete. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy. db.erau.edu/docview/190396594?accountid=27203 Federal Information News Dispatch. (2006b). 17 airmen survive Dover C-5 Galaxy crash. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/docview/190416884?accountid=27203 Pilot error blamed for USAF Galaxy crash. (2006). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/docview/225093357?accountid=27203 Rolfsen, B. (2006). Too low, too slow board faults 5 crew members in crash of C-5B Galaxy at Dover. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/docview/734362931?accountid=27203 Siegler, M. G. (2009). Keep it simple stupid. Retrieved from http://techcrunch.com/2009/04/28/keep-it-simple-stupid/